Bicol express, known natively in Bikol as sinilihan (), is a common Filipino dish which was popularized in the district of Malate, Manila, but made in traditional Bicolano style. It is a stew made from long chili peppers (siling haba in Tagalog) or small chili peppers (siling labuyo in Tagalog), coconut milk or coconut cream (kakang gata in Tagalog), shrimp paste (bagoong alamang in Tagalog) or stockfish, onion, pork, ginger and garlic. The dish was named by Laguna resident Cely Kalaw during a cooking competition in the 1970s in Malate, Manila. The name was inspired by the Bicol Express railway train (Philippine National Railways) that operated from Tutuban, Manila to Legazpi, Albay, the regional center of the Bicol region.
The widely-known name for this dish in the Bicol Region of the Philippines was identified as gulay na may lada, which is currently one of the vegetarian variants of the Bicol express dish. As time progressed, variants of the Bicol express dish expanded with seafood, beef, pescetarian, vegetarian, vegan, and other versions. The preparations for these dishes vary according to the meat present within the dish.
In terms of nutritional value, the original version of the Bicol express dish is beneficial in protein but unhealthy in regards to its high levels of saturated fats and cholesterol. The dish has moved into food processing and commercial production so that it can be sold conveniently and stored for a longer period of time.
History Origins
The Bicol express dish had been formally named by a Laguna native, Cely Kalaw, as a result of her cooking competition experience in the 1970s at Malate, Manila.Marketman 2006, 'Who invented the Incendiary Bicol Express dish?', Market Manila, June 25, viewed October 24, 2020 She created this new dish derived from rendang that existed in the Philippines since the Sulu Sultanate era in response to her customers' high interest for a spicy and sizzling taro dish.De Leon, A 2006, 'Soul Train: The Unlikely Beginnings of a Beloved Filipino Dish', Chile Pepper Magazine, October. While trying to determine a name for the dish, Kalaw's brother heard the sound of Philippine National Railways trains traveling by Kalaw's restaurant to Manila. This event inspired Kalaw to name the dish Bicol express after the PNR train that is programmed to undergo the Manila-Legazpi route.Gilbas, S 2014, 'Food for Love: Bicolano's Culture in Merlinda Bobis' Novel', IAMURE Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 37–56Wine, C 1993, 'See related wine review on page H2 Pine & Bamboo lavishes care on each ingredient', Toronto Star, September 4, p. 1-2
Prior to Kalaw's formal terminology of the Bicol express dish, a similar Ilocano meal was recognised as gulay na may lada in the Bicol region.Fenix, M 2015, 'Dining out in the Philippines–from 'comida China' to Pampango 'sisig,' Ilocano 'pakbet,' Visayan 'kinilaw' ', Lifestyle Inquirer, June 15, viewed October 9, 2020 Gulay na may lada is a vegetarian variant of the dish that consists of exactly the same ingredients as the Bicol express dish, except it lacks the meat components of the meal (pork chunks and shrimp paste). There is a Bicolano influence in the creation of the Bicol express as Kalaw's upbringing is situated in the regions of Bicol.Arquiza, J 2012, 'Taking the Bicol Express' SunStar Cebu, April 12, p. 27.Martin, MG 2016, 'Food of the Philippines: Bicol Express', Philippines Lifestyle News, December 22, viewed October 26, 2020 This upbringing provided her with the knowledge about creating Bicolano cuisine.
During the 1960s, the Bicol express dish was created and sold by people in the Bicol Region despite a lack of name for the dish. Bicolanos would wait at the Sipocot station, Camarines Sur, for a train to make a temporary stop and they would start selling the dish to the passengers. The dish was stored in a plastic bag and the rice was wrapped in a bundle of taro leaves.Chee Kee, RJ 2002, 'The heat of Bicol is on at the Dusit', BusinessWorld, 26 September, pp. 1–2 The dish's convenient setup allowed it to be easily sold and spread across the region of Bicol. However, food selling on trains became prohibited on the PNR train lines and so the dish's relevance diminished over time until Kalaw was able to reintroduce and popularise the dish in her restaurant in Malate, Manila.
Culture and environment The ingredients of coconut and chili peppers are predominant in dishes originating from the Bicol community.Dalton, D, Keeling, S, Foster, S & Oates, J 2011, The Rough Guide to The Philippines, 3rd edn, APA Publications, London, UK.Poblete, J 2008, 'Chilicious', BusinessWorld, May 8, pp. 1–3. Both of these ingredients are endemic across the provinces of Bicol. There are over 50 million coconut-bearing trees in Bicol.Philippine Coconut Authority 2011, A Briefing Guide on the Subject: Coconut Industry Production Status, Growing Zones, Productivity and Potential to Increase Nut Supply in Coconut Farms through Practical and Efficient Farming Technologies (PEFT), Republic of the Philippines Department of Agriculture, Diliman, Quezon City. The region also meets the criteria for highly suitable wet conditions for coconut-growing zones.
Siling labuyo (small chili pepper) is commonly used in many Bicolano dishes.Specialty Produce 2016, Siling Labuyo Chile Peppers, Specialty Produce, viewed October 27, 2020 Under the Scoville scale, the siling labuyo is 100,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU) and siling haba is 50,000 SHU, but this can vary depending on the conditions of the peppers' growing environments.Rosato, J 2020, '2020 SCOVILLE SCALE: ULTIMATE LIST OF PEPPER'S & THEIR SCOVILLE HEAT UNITS', January, viewed October 10, 2020, The siling labuyo in Bicol is much spicier than the siling labuyo in Manila, which makes it one of the spiciest chili peppers in the Philippines.General, HC 1994, The Coconut Cookery of Bicol, Bookmark, Makati, Manila The siling labuyo peppers were introduced by Spanish settlers during their exploration of the New World.Fernandez, DG 1986, 'Food and the Filipino', in VG Enriquez (ed.), Philippines World-View, Institute of Southeast Asian Studeies, Pasir Panjang, Singapore, pp. 20–44
Preparation
The ingredients for the main preparation of making the original Bicol express dish are oil, ginger, garlic, onion, pork chunks, coconut cream/milk, siling haba (long chili peppers), bagoong alamang (shrimp paste) and a side of rice.
The first step to creating this dish is to pour oil into the pan at a medium level of heat. All of the garlic, onion and ginger needs to be diced up into sizes of 1-cm cubes. The use of garlic and onion in Filipino cuisine have been influenced by the Spaniards who sautéed these ingredients to enrich the flavors of their meals. These three ingredients are then placed into the pan and cooked for three minutes. Next, the pork chunks are added into the pan and cooked until it darkens to brown. The pork is the main ingredient that establishes the basis of the Bicol express dish and differentiates it from other variations. After the pork has turned brown, the coconut cream/milk is poured into the pan and simmered for a couple minutes under low levels of heat. Next, after 30 minutes of saturating the siling haba under salted water, drain the water and cut up the siling haba into 1-inch slices and add into the pan.
Siling haba is used instead of siling labuyo, as the SHU levels of the siling haba is only 50,000 SHU, which will allow the spiciness to be more manageable for the customers. However, siling labuyo is still used in creating the Bicol express within the Bicol Peninsula as the natives are more accustomed to the spiciness. The last ingredient added into the pan is the bagoong alamang (shrimp paste). Bicolano residents retrieve alamang (shrimp) naturally through cast netting and then ferment the shrimp to create bagoong alamang. Despite the traditional use of bagoong for seasoning purposes in other Filipino cuisines, freshly fermented bagoong alamang enhances the flavors of the Bicol express by being the "base of the sauce for the dish".Lantrip, B 2017, 'The Chinese Cultural Influence of Filipino Cuisine', Masters thesis, The University of San Francisco, viewed September 3, 2020 The Bicol express dish is served hot with a bowl of rice on the side. Rice is fundamental in the diet of Filipino cuisines and the Bicol express dish would be incomplete without this important ingredient.
Variations Seafood
There are numerous seafood variations of the Bicol express dish. The meat of the dish can be replaced with fish (tilapia), crab, manta rays, shark, shrimp, etc, to alter the taste and texture of the dish. All of these dishes continue to be served with a hot bowl of rice.
Ginataang Tilapia or Ginataang Isda is one of these variations. The tilapia is boiled under the katang gata (coconut cream)Narciso, MH 2005, 'Filipino Meal patterns in the United States of America', Masters thesis, The University of Wisconsin Stout, viewed November 5, 2020 and vinegar, and mixed with siling labuyo, onion and garlic. The dish differentiates from the Bicol express Tilapia as there is vinegar added into the Ginataang to provide it a more sour flavour.Plondaya, R 1998, 'Cooking Tips for Tilapia', SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 24–25.
A more unique example is the Kinunot na Pating, or Kinunot for short. This dish is similar to the Bicol express meal except that the pork chunks are replaced with pieces of shark bitsFernandez, DG 1994, 'Culture Ingested On the Indigenisation of Philippine Food', The Journal of Food and Culture, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 58–71 or manta ray meat.Raymond 2016, Kinunot, Ang Sarap, viewed October 27, 2020 This changes the texture of the meal and gives the person eating the dish a more exotic experience.
Inulukan is another variant of the Bicol express dish (See Inulukan for more) that uses river crabs as the meat basis of the delicacy instead of pork chunks.Magcamit, Y 2020, '5 iconic Bicolano dishes you gata try while chili-n' at home', Nolisoli, September 17, viewed November 14, 2020 All of the ingredients are then stored into a taro leave bundle and then simmered under the kakanggata (coconut cream).Bordado, EB 2017, UMAsenso: HML: Preserving and Promoting Bicol's best, authentic and traditional delicacies, vol. 26, no. 2, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines.
Beef Beef is another meat replacement that can be cooked with in the creation of a Bicol express meal. The dish uses the same preparation process as the original Bicol express method. However, the beef is not as tender as the pork chunks, though it can be prepared and cooked faster in the pan than the pork.Panlasang Pinoy 2014, Beef Bicol Express, Panlasang Pinoy, viewed October 27, 2020
Pescatarian Pinakbet is a pescatarian alternative for the Bicol express dish. This dish originates from the Ilocano community, and they use vegetables to replace the pork chunk component of the meal. These vegetables are bok choy (pechay in Tagalog) and the shoots of sweet potatoes (camote tops in Filipino lingo).Abello, MM 2009, 'Food processor exports canned pinakbet [a popular Ilocano dish made from mixed vegetable eggplant, tomatoes, ampalaya, sitaw, okra and squash sauteed with pork and shrimp fry paste], taps smallhold farmers for veggie supply [Philippines]', Agriculture (Philippines), vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 18–19 The seafood component of this dish is the incorporation of alamang (shrimp) into the sauce to elevate the flavors of the meal.
Vegetarian Gulay na may lada is the oldest known vegetarian variant of the Bicol express dish that is created using the traditional-ways of cooking within the Bicol Peninsula.
Vegan