Libertadores

Libertadores (, "Liberators") were the principal Latin American leaders of the wars of independence from Spain and from Portugal. They are named that way in contrast with the Conquistadores ("Conquerors").Pigna, p. 9

They were largely local-born men of European descent (criollos), in most cases part of the bourgeoisie and with military training in the motherland, who were influenced by liberalism and led colonial subjects in their struggle for independence against the metropole.

List of libertadores

Hispanic America PortraitName(Birth–Death)Contributed to the independence ofTook part inRefsFrancisco Burdett O'Connor(1791–1871)Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela, ColombiaSpanish American wars of independenceWar of the ConfederationPedro Santana(1801–1864)Dominican RepublicDominican War of IndependenceJosé de San Martín(1778–1850)Argentina, Chile and PeruArgentine War of IndependenceCrossing of the AndesChilean War of IndependencePeruvian War of IndependencePigna, pp. 195–272Simón Bolívar(1783–1830)Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and BoliviaVenezuelan War of IndependenceAdmirable CampaignFirst Republic of New GranadaEcuadorian War of IndependencePeruvian War of IndependenceBolivian War of IndependencePigna, pp. 135–192Augustin I of Mexico(1783–1824)Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica Mexican War of Independencedesign of the Plan de IgualaVicente Guerrero(1782–1831)Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica Mexican War of Independencesignatory of the Plan de IgualaManuel Belgrano(1770–1820)Argentina, Bolivia and ParaguayBritish invasions of the River PlateMay RevolutionParaguay campaignArgentine War of IndependenceBolivian War of IndependencePigna, p. 55-91Bernardo O'Higgins(1778–1842)Chile and PeruChilean War of IndependenceArgentine War of IndependencePeruvian War of Independencepage 429 Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. Pigna, pp. 93–133Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla(1753–1811)MexicoGrito de DoloresMexican War of IndependenceLansing, pp. 15–39José María Morelos(1765–1815)Mexican War of Independencewrote the Sentimientos de la NaciónLansing, pp. 39–59Ramón Castilla(1797–1867)PeruPeruvian War of IndependenceLansing, p. 121Andrés de Santa Cruz(1792–1865)Bolivia and PeruBolivian War of IndependenceArgentine War of IndependencePeruvian War of IndependenceEcuadorian War of IndependenceWar of the ConfederationJosé Gervasio Artigas(1764–1850)Argentina and UruguayBritish invasions of the River PlatePortuguese invasion of the Banda OrientalArgentine Civil Wars Juan Antonio Lavalleja(1784–1853)UruguayCisplatine WarThirty-Three OrientalsThomas Cochrane(1775–1860)Brazil, ChileFrench Revolutionary WarsNapoleonic WarsChilean War of IndependencePeruvian War of IndependenceBrazilian War of IndependenceGreek War of IndependenceRobert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. Francisco de Miranda(1750–1816)VenezuelaAmerican Revolutionary WarFrench RevolutionVenezuelan War of IndependencePigna, pp. 13–52Mariano Moreno(1778–1811)ArgentinaMay RevolutionArgentine War of IndependenceParaguay campaignLansing, pp. 119Antonio José de Sucre(1795–1830)Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, VenezuelaVenezuelan War of IndependenceEcuadorian War of IndependenceBolivian War of IndependencePeruvian War of IndependenceGran Colombia–Peru WarLansing, pp. 219

Brazil Pedro I of Brazil became known as "o Libertador" ("the Liberator") in Brazil for his role in the country's independence.Viana, Hélio (1994). História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república (in Portuguese) p.252 Sporadically, the term has also been applied to other figures such as José Bonifacio (known as the "patriarch for independence"), Maria Leopoldina de Austria, and Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo.

Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo, the first Filipino President and Generalissimo who liberated the Philippines from the Spanish Empire in 1898, is widely recognized as "El Libertador de la Patria" (The Liberator of the Homeland)

Legacy The flags of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador follow Francisco de Miranda's design of 1806. Also, Bolivia was named after Símon Bolívar, who in turn was president of Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and twice of Venezuela. San Martín served as "President Protector" of Peru.

In what today is part of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, Agustín de Iturbide, royalist leader formed an alliance with rebel forces of Vicente Guerrero, and under the Plan of Iguala stablished an independent Mexican Empire where he ascended as Emperor Agustín I.

The names of libertadores are used all over South America to name anything from towns and places to institutions and sports clubs. Also, the most prestigious international club football competition in South America is named the Copa Libertadores in their honour.

Libertadores

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