Pyrrhoderma noxium is a species of plant pathogen. It attacks a wide range of tropical plants, and is the cause of brown root rot disease. It has been described as "an aggressive and destructive pathogen".Ribera, J., Tang, A., Schubert, M., Lam, R., Chu, L., Leung, M., Kwan, H., Bas, M., & Schwarze, F. (2016). IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTAGONISTIC TRICHODERMA STRAINS FOR ERADICATING PHELLINUS NOXIUS IN COLONISED WOOD. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 28(4), 457–468. The pathogen invades roots with contact between roots of a potential host with the substrate on which the fungus is growing.
Infection P. noxium attacks the roots and lower trunk of trees, causing roots to rot and resulting in dieback (another term for root rot). It causes brown root rot disease, which afflicts over 200 plant species in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogen can survive in the soil and on dead plant material for more than a decade, and the primary source of infection to other plants and trees is from contact with infected root material to the healthy plant's root.
Treatment Fungicides Calixin, Bayleton, and Nustar inhibits growth for P. noxium on agar medium, however was not ultimately found to be effective in eradicating the fungus in infested wood. A mixture of ammonia and urea, as well as just volatile ammonia in itself, was found able to kill P. noxium in infested wood. Strains of Trichoderma applied in mulch around infected P. noxium trees started to grow new roots within 6–8 weeks of application, and the mycelium of P. noxium was eradicated after 8–11 weeks of exposure.
Distribution P. noxium has been recorded from tropical regions, as well as Japan and Australia, but has not been reported from South America.
List of countries where P. noxium is present Continent/Country/RegionDistributionReferenceNotesAfricaAngolaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)BeninPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)Burkina FasoPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)CameroonPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)Central African RepublicPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)Congo, Democratic Republic of thePresentCABI and EPPO (1997)Côte d'IvoirePresentCABI and EPPO (1997)GabonPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)GhanaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)KenyaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)NigeriaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)Sierra LeonePresentCABI and EPPO (1997)TanzaniaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)TogoPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)UgandaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)AsiaChinaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)
Wang et al. (2016)Hong KongPresentWang et al. (2016)IndiaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - AssamPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - KarnatakaPresentZhang and Chee (1989) - KeralaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - Tamil NaduPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - TripuraPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - Uttar PradeshPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)IndonesiaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - JavaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - SumatraPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)JapanPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - Bonin IslandsPresentSahashi et al. (2015) - Ryukyu IslandsPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)MalaysiaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - Peninsular MalaysiaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - SabahPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - SarawakPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)MyanmarPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)PakistanPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)PhilippinesPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)SingaporePresentCABI and EPPO (1997)Sri LankaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)TaiwanPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)VietnamPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)North AmericaCosta RicaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)CubaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)Puerto RicoPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)OceaniaAmerican SamoaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)AustraliaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - New South WalesPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - QueenslandPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)Federated States of MicronesiaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997) - PohnpeiPresentAkiba et al. (2015)FijiPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)NiuePresentCABI and EPPO (1997)Northern Mariana IslandsPresentHodges and Tenorio (1984)Papua New GuineaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)SamoaPresentCABI and EPPO (1997)Solomon IslandsPresentLiloqula and Johnson (1987)VanuatuPresent
Hosts
HostFamilyHost statusReferencesAcacia confusaFabaceaeMainAkiba et al. (2015)
Ann et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Acacia mangium (brown salwood)FabaceaeUnknownGlen et al. (2014)
Mohd et al. (2009)Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree)FabaceaeUnknownBrooks (2002)Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris)FabaceaeUnknownHodges and Tenorio (1984)Alstonia scholaris (white cheesewood)ApocynaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)AnacardiaceaeUnknownSupriadi et al. (2004)Annona montanaAnnonaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)Annona squamosa (sugar apple)AnnonaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Ann et al. (1999)
Tsai et al. (2017)Aralia elata (Japanese aralia)AraliaceaeUnknownSahashi et al. (2007)Araucaria cunninghamii (colonial pine)AraucariaceaeMainAnn et al. (1999)
Brooks (2002)
Chang and Yang (1998)
Tsai et al. (2017)Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine)AraucariaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Ardisia sieboldiiPrimulaceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2007)
Sahashi et al. (2015)Artemisia capillarisAsteraceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit)MoraceaeMainBrooks (2002)
Hodges and Tenorio (1984)Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit)MoraceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)Averrhoa carambola (carambola)OxalidaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Ann et al. (1999)
Tsai et al. (2017)Azadirachta excelsaMeliaceaeUnknownFarid et al. (2005)
Mohd et al. (2009)Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree)LecythidaceaeUnknownBrooks (2002)Barringtonia samoensisUnknownBrooks (2002)Bauhinia (camel's foot)FabaceaeUnknownHodges and Tenorio (1984)Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia)FabaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony)FabaceaeMainAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)
Huang et al. (2015)
Tsai et al. (2017)Bischofia javanica (bishop wood)EuphorbiaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)
Sahashi et al. (2010)
Sahashi et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2014)Bombax ceiba (silk cotton tree)BombacaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Calocedrus formosanaCupressaceaeUnknownTsai et al. (2017)Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel)ClusiaceaeMainAkiba et al. (2015)
Ann et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)
Sahashi et al. (2010)
Sahashi et al. (2015)Calophyllum neoebudicumUnknownBrooks (2002)Camellia japonica (camellia)TheaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Camellia sinensis (tea)TheaceaeMainAnn et al. (1999)Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang)AnnonaceaeUnknownBrooks (2002)Canarium harveyiStrombidaeUnknownBrooks (2002)Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum)FabaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Casuarina (beefwood)CasuarinaceaeUnknownHodges and Tenorio (1984)Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina)CasuarinaceaeMainAkiba et al. (2015)
Ann et al. (1999)
Sahashi et al. (2007)
Sahashi et al. (2010)
Sahashi et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2014)
Tsai et al. (2017)Ceiba speciosaUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)Celtis boninensisUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2015)Celtis sinensis (Chinese elm)UlmaceaeUnknownWang et al. (2016)Cerbera manghasApocynaceaeUnknownBrooks (2002)Chorisia speciosa (floss-silk tree)BombacaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel)LauraceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)
Huang et al. (2015)
Tsai et al. (2017)Cinnamomum doederleiniiLauraceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)Cinnamomum japonicumLauraceaeUnknownSahashi et al. (2007)
Sahashi et al. (2010)Cinnamomum kanehiraiLauraceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Cinnamomum kotoenseUnknownTsai et al. (2017)Cinnamomum osmophloeum (native cassia bark tree)LauraceaeUnknownTsai et al. (2017)Cinnamomum pseudopedunculatumUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2015)Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon)LauraceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Cinnamomum yabunikkeiUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)CitrusRutaceaeUnknownHodges and Tenorio (1984)Citrus limon (lemon)RutaceaeUnknownTsai et al. (2017)Codiaeum variegatum (garden croton)EuphorbiaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)Coffea (coffee)RubiaceaeMainCoffea arabica (arabica coffee)RubiaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)Cordia alliodora (Ecuador laurel)BoraginaceaeUnknownBrooks (2002)Cordia asperaUnknownBrooks (2002)Cordia dichotoma (Indian cherry)BoraginaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum)LithomyrtusUnknownChang and Yang (1998)
Tsai et al. (2017)Crossostylis bifloraUnknownBrooks (2002)Cycas taitungensisCycadaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Dalbergia sissooFabaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)Delonix regia (flamboyant)FabaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)
Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Huang et al. (2015)
Tsai et al. (2017)Dimocarpus longan (longan tree)SapindaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Tsai et al. (2017)
Ann et al. (2002)Diospyros decandraUnknownAnn et al. (1999)Diospyros kaki (persimmon)EbenaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Tsai et al. (2017)Diospyros samoensisEbenaceaeUnknownBrooks (2002)Diospyros veraEbenaceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)Distylium lepidotumHamamelidaceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2015)Distylium racemosum (isu)HamamelidaceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop)VerbenaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Tsai et al. (2017)Dypsis lutescens (yellow butterfly palm)ArecaceaeUnknownHuang et al. (2015)Dysoxylum samoenseMeliaceaeUnknownBrooks (2002)Ehretia philippinensisUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)Elaeagnus rotundataUnknownSahashi et al. (2015)Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm)ArecaceaeMainPinruan et al. (2010)Elaeocarpus serratusElaeocarpaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Elaeocarpus sylvestrisElaeocarpaceaeUnknownSahashi et al. (2007)
Akiba et al. (2015)Elattostachys falcataUnknownBrooks (2002)Eriobotrya japonica (loquat)RosaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Ann et al. (1999)
Tsai et al. (2017)ErythrinaFabaceaeUnknownHodges and Tenorio (1984)Erythrina variegata (Indian coral tree)FabaceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2015)EucalyptusMyrtaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum)MyrtaceaeUnknownChang and Yang (1998)Eucalyptus grandis (saligna gum)MyrtaceaeUnknownChang and Yang (1998)Eucalyptus pellita (red mahogany)MyrtaceaeUnknownAgustini et al. (2014)
Glen et al. (2014)Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry)LithomyrtusUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)Euonymus boninensisUnknownSahashi et al. (2015)FicusMoraceaeUnknownBrooks (2002)Ficus awkeotsang (jelly fig)MoraceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Ann et al. (1999)
Tsai et al. (2017)Ficus benghalensis (banyan)MoraceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2015)Ficus benjamina (weeping fig)MoraceaeUnknownHuang et al. (2015)Ficus elastica (rubber plant)MoraceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2015)Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree)MoraceaeMainAkiba et al. (2015)
Chang and Yang (1998)
Huang et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2007)
Tsai et al. (2017)
Wang et al. (2016)Ficus obliquaUnknownBrooks (2002)Ficus pumila (creeping fig)MoraceaeUnknownChang and Yang (1998)Ficus punctataUnknownAnn et al. (1999)Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree)MoraceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)
Tsai et al. (2017)Ficus tinctoriaUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)
Brooks (2002)Ficus virgataMoraceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2007)Firmiana simplexSterculiaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Flueggea flexuosaEuphorbiaceaeUnknownBrooks (2002)Fraxinus formosanaOleaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)
Chang and Yang (1998)Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen)ClusiaceaeMainGarcinia subellipticaClusiaceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)
Sahashi et al. (2010)Gardenia jasminoides (cape jasmine)RubiaceaeUnknownAnn et al. (1999)Glochidion obovatumEuphorbiaceaeUnknownAkiba et al. (2015)