The Party of Democratic Action (, SDA) is a Bosniak nationalist and conservative political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Founded in 1990 during the collapse of Yugoslavia, it quickly emerged as the principal political representative of Bosniaks and has remained one of the country’s most influential political parties.

The SDA played a central role during the Bosnian War of Independence (1992–1995), leading the government following Bosnia and Herzegovina’s declaration of independence. Under the leadership of its founder, Alija Izetbegović, the party coordinated political and military efforts, including the establishment of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was also deeply involved in diplomatic initiatives that culminated in the Dayton Agreement, which ended the genocide and war.

The party has traditionally been one of the dominant political forces among Bosniak voters and has participated in governments at the state level for much of the country’s post-independence history, including the periods 1996–2001, 2003–2012, and 2015–2023. Its influence has been even more pronounced at the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina level, where it participated in government predominantly during much of the period from 1996 to 2023. The SDA has also historically dominated the Bosniak seat in the tripartite Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since independence, the position has generally been held by SDA candidates, with notable exceptions including Haris Silajdžić, who served from 2006 to 2010, and Denis Bećirović, who has served since 2022.

The SDA is an associate member of the European People's Party (EPP).

History The Party of Democratic Action was officially established on 26 May 1990 in Sarajevo. It was initially conceived as a “party of the Muslim cultural-historical circle,” reflecting the identity of Bosniaks (then referred to as Muslims in an ethnic sense). The party’s founding was closely tied to the vision of Alija Izetbegović, who became its first president.

At its inception, the SDA brought together a diverse range of 40 political and intellectual figures. These included religiously oriented nationalists such as Omer Behmen and more secular or left-leaning figures like Adil Zulfikarpašić. Izetbegović played a mediating role between these factions, shaping the party into a broad umbrella movement rather than a strictly ideological organization.

The party’s historical roots can be traced further back to earlier Muslim political organizations in the Balkans. These include the Yugoslav Muslim Organization, a conservative party active in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and its predecessor, the Muslim People's Organization, founded in 1906 during the Austro-Hungarian period. Even earlier influences include the “Movement for Waqf and Educational Autonomy” of the late 19th century, which advocated for religious and educational rights for Muslims under imperial rule.

During the first multi-party elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1990, the SDA achieved significant success, becoming one of the leading political forces. Throughout the 1990s, particularly during the Bosnian War, the party dominated Bosniak political representation and played a central role in the country’s leadership. It also established media outlets such as the newspaper Ljiljan.

In November 2000, the SDA experienced its first major electoral defeat, losing power to a coalition known as the “Alliance for Change,” led by the Social Democratic Party. This marked the first time the party entered opposition. However, it later returned to government coalitions. Following the 2022 general elections, the SDA once again emerged as the largest single party in the country, reaffirming its enduring influence.

The SDA has faced recurring allegations of corruption and political patronage. Several senior figures have been implicated in scandals, including former Federation prime minister Fadil Novalić, who was sentenced to prison, and party official Asim Sarajlić, who resigned from positions following corruption allegations.

Ideology The SDA is widely regarded as a centre-right party, with strong support among conservative and nationalist segments of the Bosniak population. While the party has sometimes been associated with Muslim political thought,Xavier Bougarel. "Bosnian Islam since 1990: Cultural Identity or Political Ideology?", Convention annuelle de l’Association for the Study of Nationalities (ASN), p. 3Xavier Bougarel, "Islam and Nationhood in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Surviving Empires", Bloomsbury it generally presents itself as moderate and largely secularist."Innocence and Victimhood: Gender, Nation, and Women’s Activism in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina", Elizabeth Helms, University of Wisconsin Press"Islam and Bosnia: Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy in Multi-ethnic States", edited by Maya Shatzmiller, McGill-Queen's University Press

Politically, the SDA advocates for a stronger and more centralized unitary state structure in Bosnia and Herzegovina, often opposing decentralization efforts that could weaken central institutions. On foreign policy, the party is strongly atlanticist, supporting closer ties with the NATO and membership in the European Union."Party Politics in the Western Balkans" edited by Vera Stojarová, Peter Emerson

International presence The SDA has extended its organizational structure beyond Bosnia and Herzegovina, establishing sister-parties in neighboring countries such as Croatia, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Kosovo, and Serbia (particularly in the Sandžak region). These branches aim to represent and advocate for the interests of Bosniak and other Muslim South Slavic communities across the Balkans.

In Montenegro, the SDA merged with smaller parties to form the Bosniak Party, which continues to represent Bosniak interests there. The party has also established a diaspora presence, including a branch in St. Louis, Missouri, reflecting the large Bosnian community in that area.

List of presidents

NameTerm of Office1 Alija Izetbegović1990–20012 Sulejman Tihić2001–20143 Bakir Izetbegović2014–present

Elections Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina + Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Year Leader # Popular vote % Seats won Government 1990 Alija Izetbegović 1st 711,075 31.48

+ Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina Year Leader # Popular vote % HoR Seat change HoP Seat change Government 1996 Alija Izetbegović 1st 909,970 37.92 New New 1998 1st 583,895 33.83 6 2 2000 1st 279,548 18.76 5 1 2002 Sulejman Tihić 1st 269,427 21.92 2 2 2006 2nd 238,475 16.89 1 1 20103rd214,300 13.05 2 0 2014 Bakir Izetbegović 1st 305,715 18.73 3 0 2018 1st 281,754 17.01 1 0 2022 1st 273,545 17.23 0 1

Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina + Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Year Leader # Popular vote % HoR Seat change HoP Seat change Government 1996 Alija Izetbegović 1st 725,810 54.34 New New 1998 1st 456,458 49.20 10 1 2000 1st 232,674 26.81 30 15 2002 Sulejman Tihić 1st 234,923 33.57 6 2006 1st 218,365 25.45 4 2 2010 2nd 206,926 20.22 5 2014 Bakir Izetbegović 1st 275,728 27.79 6 1 2018 1st 252,817 25.25 2 1 2022 1st 238,111 24.40 1 4

Presidency elections + Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina Election year # Candidate Votes % Representing Elected? 19961stAlija Izetbegović730,59280.0% Bosniaks 19981stAlija Izetbegović511,54186.8% Bosniaks 20021stSulejman Tihić192,66137.2% Bosniaks 20062ndSulejman Tihić153,68327.5% Bosniaks 20101stBakir Izetbegović162,83134.8% Bosniaks 20141stBakir Izetbegović247,23532.8% Bosniaks 20181stŠefik Džaferović212,58136.6% Bosniaks 20222ndBakir Izetbegović214,41237.3% Bosniaks

Cantonal elections Cantonal election Cantonal Assembly Una-Sana Posavina Tuzla Zenica-Doboj Bosnian Podrinje Goražde Central Bosnia Herzegovina-Neretva West Herzegovina Sarajevo Canton 10 Total won / Total contested 199619982000200220062010201420182022

See also Elections in the Party of Democratic Action

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