Khagan (Qaghan) was a title used by the Turkic people of the Middle Ages. The First and Second Turkic Khaganate were empires ruled by the Ashina tribe of the Göktürks that controlled much of Central Asia and the Mongolian Plateau between 552 and 745 and composed of confederated Turkic tribes. In the 6th century, they challenged the power of numerous dynasties in the Central Plains. At the end of the century following a civil war, the khaganate was divided into eastern and western wings. In the second half of the 7th century, both wings were defeated by the Tang dynasty. However, in 682 they regained their independence.
Khagans of the Turkic Khaganate TitlePersonal name and other titlesQatunReignNoteBumin Qaghan / Illig Qaghan (Yii)(伊利可汗)"Tumen"(土門 / 土门)Princess Changle(長樂公主 / 长乐公主)From Western Wei552Issik Qaghan(乙息記可汗 / 乙息记可汗)Kara 卡拉552–553Son of Bumin QaghanMuqan Qaghan木桿可汗 / 木杆可汗Yandou / Yen-to(燕都 / 俟斤)553–572Son of Bumin QaghanTaspar Qaghan (Tuobo)(佗缽可汗 / 佗钵可汗)572–581Son of Bumin Qaghan Unknown title Anluo / An-lo(庵邏 / 庵逻)581Son of Tapir QaghanIshbara Qaghan (Shabolue)(沙缽略可汗 / 沙钵略可汗)Shetu / She-t'u(攝圖 / 摄图)Il Kul Shad Bagha Ishbara Qaghan(伊利俱盧設莫何始波羅可汗 / 伊利俱卢设莫何始波罗可汗)Princess Qianjin of Northern Zhou(千金公主)After the fall of the Northern Zhou, she was given surname Yang and became Princess Dayi of Sui(大義公主 / 大义公主)581–587Son of Issik QaghanBagha Qaghan / Yabgu QaghanMohe Kehan 莫何可汗 / Yehe Kehan 葉護可汗Chuluohou / Ch'u-lo-hou(處羅侯 / 处罗侯)587–588Son of Issik QaghanTulan QaghanDulan Kehan (都藍可汗) Yongyulü / Yung-yü-lü(雍虞閭 / 雍虞闾)588–599Son of Ishbara Qaghan
Khagans of the western side of the Turkic Khaganate TitlePersonal name and other titlesQatunReignNoteYabghu Qaghan(葉護可汗 / 叶护可汗)IstemiShidianmi / Shih-tien-mi(室點密 / 室点密)552–575Younger brother of Bumin QaghanTardu (Datou)(達頭可汗 / 达头可汗)Dianjue / Tien-chüeh(玷厥)575–602Son of Istemi
Khagans of Apa line TitlePersonal name and other titlesQatunReignNoteApa Qaghan (Abo)(阿波可汗)Daluobian / Ta-lo-pien(大邏便 / 大逻便)581–587Son of Muqan QaghanNiri Qaghan (Nili)(泥利可汗)587–601Son of Yangsu TiginGrandson of Tardush Qaghan
Khagans of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate TitlePersonal name and other titleQatunReignNoteYami Qaghan (Qimin)(啟民可汗 / 启民可汗)Rangan / Jan-kan(染干)Tölis Qaghan(突利可汗 / 突利可汗)Princess Anyi (597–599)(安義公主 / 安义公主)From SuiPrincess Yicheng (599–)(義成公主 / 义成公主)From Sui599–609Son of Ishbara QaghanShibi Qaghan(始畢可汗 / 始毕可汗)Duojishi / To-chi-shih(咄吉世)Princess Yicheng(義成公主 / 义成公主)609–619Son of Yami QaghanChuluo Khan(處羅可汗 / 处罗可汗)"Ilteber Shad"(俟利弗設 / 俟利弗设)Princess Yicheng(義成公主 / 义成公主)619–620Son of Yami QaghanIllig Qaghan (Xieli)(頡利可汗 / 颉利可汗)Duobi / To-pi(咄苾)"Baghatur Shad"(莫賀咄設 / 莫贺咄设)Princess Yicheng(義成公主 / 义成公主)620–630Son of Yami Qaghan
Khagans under the Jimi system of Tang dynasty
TitlePersonal name and other titlesQatunReignNoteQilibi Khan(俟力苾可汗)Simo / Ssu-mo(思摩) 639–644Son of Tughruq ShadChebi Khan(車鼻可汗 / 车鼻可汗)Hubo / Hu-po(斛勃) 646–649Ashina NishufuNizük BegNishoufu / Ni-shou-fu(泥熟匐)679–680Funian / Fu-nien(伏念)680–681Relative of Illig Qaghan
Khagans of the Western Turkic Khaganate TitlePersonal name and other titlesQatunReignNoteHeshana Khagan(曷娑那可汗, 曷薩那可汗) Daman (達曼 / 达曼)Nijue Chuluo Kehan (泥厥處羅可汗) Princess Xinyi(信義公主 / 信义公主)604–611Son of Niri QaghanShikui Khagan(射匱可汗 / 射匮可汗)610–617Son of Tughluq YabghuGrandson of Tardush QaghanTong Yabghu Qaghan (Tongyehu)(統葉護可汗 / 统叶护可汗)617–630Son of Tughluq YabghuGrandson of Tardush QaghanBaghatur Qaghan(莫賀咄可汗 / 莫贺咄可汗)630Son of Tughluq YabghuGrandson of Tardush QaghanSi Yabghu Qaghan(肆葉護可汗 / 肆叶护可汗)Dieli Tegin(咥力特勒)630–632Son of Tuluq Yabghu QaghanTughluq Qaghan(咄陸可汗 / 咄陆可汗)Nizük(泥孰)(吞阿婁拔奚利咄陸可汗 / 吞阿娄拔奚利咄陆可汗)632–634Son of Baghatur QaghanIshbara Tolis(沙缽羅咥利失可汗 / 沙钵罗咥利失可汗)Tonga / Tongra(同俄)634–639Son of Baghatur QaghanIllig Beg Tughluq Qaghan(乙毗咄陸可汗 / 乙毗咄陆可汗)Yukuk Shad(欲谷設 / 欲谷设)638–642Grandson of Tughluq YabghuIllig Qutlugh Illig Beg Qaghan rival?(乙屈利失乙毘可汗 / 乙屈利失乙毗可汗)639–640Son of Ishbara Tolis QaghanIllig Beg Ishbara Yabghu Qaghan(rival)(乙毗沙缽羅葉護可汗 / 乙毗沙钵罗叶护可汗)Tigin(薄布特勒)639–641Son of Genna ShadIllig Beg Shekuei Qaghan(乙毗射匱可汗 / 乙毗射匮可汗)642–653Son of Illig Kul Bilge QaghanGrandson of Apa QaghanIshbara Qaghan(沙缽羅可汗 / 沙钵罗可汗)Helu(賀魯 / 贺鲁)650–658Son of Böri ShadGrandson of Tughluq Yabghu
Xingxiwang khagans TitlePersonal name and other titlesQatunReignNoteAshina Mishe(阿史那弥射)(莫贺咄叶护)(奚利邲咄陆可汗)657–662Ashina DuzhīOnoq Qaghan(阿史那都支)(十姓可汗)671–679Ashina Yuanqing(阿史那元庆)685–692Son of Ashina MisheAshina Tuizi(阿史那俀子)693–694Son of Ashina YuanqingAshina Xian(阿史那献)708–717Son of Ashina YuanqingAshia Zhèn(阿史那震)735–736Son of Ashina Xian
Jiwangjue khagans TitlePersonal name and other titlesQatunReignNoteAshina Buzhen(阿史那步真)657–667Ashina HuseluoJiezhong Shizhu Qaghan(阿史那斛瑟罗)(竭忠事主可汗)685–703Son of Ashina BuzhenAshina Huaidao(阿史那怀道)704–708Son of Ashina HuseluoAshina Xin(阿史那昕)740–742Son of Ashina Huaidao
Khagans of the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate
TitlePersonal name and other titlesQatunReignNoteIlterish Qaghan(頡跌利可汗 / 颉跌利可汗)Qutlugh(那骨咄祿 / 骨咄禄)El Bilge Khatun682–694Relative of Illig QaghanQapaghan Qaghan(遷善可汗 / 迁善可汗)Mòchuò(默啜)694–716Younger brother of Ilterish QaghanInel Qaghan(拓西可汗)(匐俱)716–717Son of Qapaghan QaghanBilge Qaghan(毗伽可汗)Bögü(默棘連 / 默棘连)Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun717–734Son of Ilterish QaghanYollıg Khagan(伊然可汗) -734-739Son of Bilge KhaganTengri Qaghan(登利可汗) -739–741Son of Bilge KhaganKutluk Yabgu Qhagan(骨咄)741–742 Ashina Shi(頡跌伊施可汗 / 颉跌伊施可汗)742–744 Uti BegÖzmiş Khagan(烏蘇米施可汗 / 乌苏米施可汗)742–744Son of Pan Kul TiginWhite Eyebrow Qaghan (白眉可汗)Kulun Beg (鶻隴匐 / 鹘陇匐)744–745Son of Pan Kul TiginEl Etmish KaganYu. Zuev (I︠U︡. A. Zuev) (2002) , Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology (Rannie ti︠u︡rki: ocherki istorii i ideologii), Almaty, Daik-Press, p. 233, .747–759Son of Bilge KhaganBügü Qaghan759–779
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