List of rulers of Makuria

The following is a list of the rulers of Makuria (also known as Nubia, Dotawo, Dongola, or Tungul), variously titled as emperors (, ), caesars (, ), or kings (, or ). Makurian or Dotowan succession often proceeded matrilineally, from the reigning king to his sister's male child, his nephew.

Rulers Note that, given the paucity of sources on medieval Nubia, most dating is approximate and subject to future revision.

Name Reign Notes Modern Attested Form Qalidurut Repulsed an Arab invasion in the Second Battle of Dongola and (traditionally) established the Baqt Zacharias Son of Qalidurut Merkurios United rule over Makuria and Nobadia; called "a New Constantine", implying major ecclesiastical decisions Zacharias I Son of Merkurios; abdicated for a religious life, probably quickly Simon Relative selected and possibly adopted by Zacharias Abraham Courtier adopted by Zacharias; feuded with bishop of Dongola, threatening to return kingdom to paganism during the papacy of MichaelI (); deposed by Zacharias and exiled to an island in the Nile Markos Appointed by Zacharias; assassinated by partisans of Abraham in response to an attempt on the prior king's life while in exile Kyriakos Invaded Umayyad Egypt in support of the imprisoned Coptic pope MichaelI, securing his release before the fall of the Caliphate to the Abbasids Chaël Ioannes Reneged on the payments Zakharias III Son of Ioannes; dealt with civil war; sent son Georgios to Baghdad to reduce annual payments to smaller triennial levies Georgios I Son of Zakharias III Zakharias IV Son of Georgios I Kabil 'Kabil' was separately recorded as the title of the Nubian kings by a late-9th century Arabic report under Ahmad ibn Tulun in Tulunid Egypt Georgios II Raphael Stephanos Solomon Supposedly restored matrilineal succession Georgios III Basil Son of BasileiosFARAS. Moses Nephew of Georgios V, often mistakenly titled Moses Georgios; raided Ayyubid Egypt, sacking Aswan in 1171; subsequently raided by the Ayyubids, devastating Lower Nubia; may have abdicated to pursue a pilgrimage to Constantinople, Rome, and Jerusalem Georgios VI Nephew of Moses Basil II Brother of Georgios VI Murtashkara David Nephew of Murtashkara; usurped Murtashkara and banished his sons to Al-Abwab, the independent former northern province of Alodia; vassal of Baybars, sultan of Mamluk Egypt Mashkouda Barak Simamon Nephew of Semamun Simamon Nephew of David (Budamma) Simamon Ayay Also known as Amai; brother of King David Kudanbes Also known as Karanbas; brother of King David & Ayay, whom he usurped; vassal of An-Nasir Muhammad, sultan of Mamluk Egypt; usurped in turn, attempting to flee to Al-Abwab but returned to the Mamluks; later retook power Abdallah Barshanbu First Muslim king, an Islamic convert nephew of David or pretender installed by An-Nasir Muhammad Abram Ruled only three days Kanz ad-Dawla Muhammad Muslim nephew of Kudanbes and ruler of the Banu Kanz tribe, whose Fatimid fiefs had been revoked by the Ayyubids, causing them to occupy areas of Lower Nubia; imprisoned by the Mamluks during Barshanbu's rule Kudanbes Restored amid 2 Mamluk expeditions against Banu Kanz rule in Nubia Kanz ad-Dawla Muhammad Restored Siti Restored Christianity King of Dongola (Tungul) Nasir of Makuria Mamluk Vassal, last ruler of Makuria around Dongola Joel of Dotawo "King of Dotawo" (i.e. Makuria) relocated to Daw or Atwa (Gebel Adda) Queen Gaua "Queen of Dotawo"

List of rulers of Makuria

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