General elections were held in India between 16 and 20 March 1977 to elect the members of the sixth Lok Sabha. The elections took place during the Emergency period, which expired on 21 March 1977, shortly before the final results were announced.
The elections resulted in a heavy defeat for the Indian National Congress (R), with the incumbent Prime Minister and INC(R) party leader Indira Gandhi losing her seat in Rae Bareli, while her son Sanjay lost his seat in Amethi. Morarji Desai of the Janata Party took office as the first non-Congress Prime Minister on 24 March. The call for restoration of democracy by revoking the Emergency is considered to be a major reason for the sweeping victory for the opposition Janata Alliance,M.R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution," Asian Affairs (1977) 5#1 pp 19–38. At 81, Desai became the oldest man to be elected Prime Minister of India.
Background A total of 542 members were elected from single-member constituencies. These 542 constituencies remained same until 2004 Indian general elections for the 14th Lok Sabha.
The Emergency declared by the Indira Gandhi led Congress(R) government was the core issue in the 1977 elections. Civil liberties were suspended during the national emergency from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi assumed vast powers.
Gandhi had become unpopular for her decision and paid for it during the elections. On 18 January, Gandhi called for fresh elections and released some political prisoners. Many remained in prison until she was ousted from office and a new prime minister took over.From FPJ Archives: Emergency impact - Indira Gandhi loses elections, India gets first non-Gandhi PM The Free Press Journal, 25 June 2019 On 20 January, four opposition parties, the Indian National Congress (Organisation), the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the Bharatiya Lok Dal and the Praja Socialist Party, decided to fight the elections under a single banner called the Janata alliance. The alliance used the symbol allocated to Bhartiya Lok Dal as their symbol on the ballot papers.
The Janata Alliance reminded voters of the excesses and human rights violations during the Emergency, like compulsory sterilisation and imprisonment of political leaders. The Janata campaign said the elections would decide whether India would have "democracy or dictatorship." The Congress(R) looked jittery. Agriculture and Irrigation Minister Babu Jagjivan Ram quit the party in the first week of February; other notable Congress(R) stalwarts who crossed the floor with Jagjivan Ram before the election were Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna and Nandini Satpathy.
Results The elections in India's largest state Uttar Pradesh, historically a Congress(R) stronghold, turned against Gandhi. Dhanagare says the structural reasons included the emergence of a strong and united opposition, disunity and weariness within the Congress(R), an effective opposition and the failure of Gandhi in controlling the mass media, which was under censorship during the Emergency. The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances, notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies. One grievance often mentioned was the 'Nasbandi' (vasectomy) campaign in rural areas. The middle class also emphasised on the curbing of freedom of speech throughout the country.D.N. Dhanagare, "Sixth Lok Sabha Election in Uttar Pradesh – 1977: The End of the Congress Hegemony," Political Science Review (1979) 18#1 pp 28–51
Meanwhile, Congress(R) hit an all-time low in West Bengal, according to the Gangulys, because of the state-sponsored anti-Communist violence against the cadres of CPI(M) & Naxalites by the government of Siddhartha Shankar Ray, whose legitimacy was questionable, poor discipline and factionalism among Congress(R) activists as well as numerous defections that weakened the party. Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption within the Congress(R) and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership.Mira Ganguly and Bangendu Ganguly, "Lok Sabha Election, 1977: The West Bengal Scene," Political Science Review (1979) 18#3 pp 28–53 The Congress(R), however, did well in southern states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. The results were mixed in the western states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, although the Janata alliance won all the seats in Mumbai.
Results by state/union territory +State/Union TerritorySeatsJNPINCLFTOTHAndhra Pradesh4214100Arunachal Pradesh20101Assam1431001Bihar5452002Goa, Daman and Diu20101Gujarat26161000Haryana1010000Himachal Pradesh44000Jammu and Kashmir60303Karnataka2822600Kerala2001154Madhya Pradesh4037102Maharashtra48192036Manipur20200Meghalaya20101Mizoram10001Nagaland10001Orissa2115411Punjab133019Rajasthan2524100Sikkim10100Tamil Nadu39014322Tripura21100Uttar Pradesh8585000West Bengal42153231Andaman and Nicobar10100Chandigarh11000Dadra and Nagar Haveli10100Delhi77000Lakshadweep10100Pondicherry10001Total5422951543657 Notes: The results for presented above are party-wise, not alliance-wise. Party abbreviations: JNP – Janata Party INC(R) – Indian National Congress (R) LFT – Left Front (comprising CPI(M), CPI, RSP, and AIFB) OTH – Others (includes parties and independents not belonging to any of the above groups)
Lok Sabha by-elections #YearConstituencyState/UTPrevious MP ReasonElected MP11978NandyalAndhra PradeshNeelam Sanjiva Reddy Resigned Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah2Warangal S. B. Giri Death G. M. Rao3SamastipurBihar Karpoori Thakur Resigned Ajit Kumar Mehta4KarnalHaryana B. D. Sharma Resigned M. Singh5ChikmagalurKarnataka D. B. Chandregowda Resigned Indira Gandhi6Outer ManipurManipur Yangmaso Shaiza Resigned Kaiho7AzamgarhUttar PradeshRam Naresh Yadav Declared Void Mohsina Kidwai8FatehpurBashir Ahmed Death Liaquat Husain91979SecunderabadAndhra Pradesh M. M. Hashim Resigned P. Shiv Shankar10Siddipet Gaddam Venkatswamy Resigned Nandi Yellaiah11SidhiMadhya Pradesh Surya Narayan Singh Death R. N. Singh12Khandwa Parmanand Govindjiwala Death Kushabhau Thakre
Aftermath It was not clear if Indira would accept the election results. Although she publicly claimed she would "abide" by the results, behind the scenes, she fired Military Intelligence Head Mani Mishra in favour of loyalist Kashmiri Hardayal Kaul. The INC(R) and senior military officers held several meetings in New Delhi, raising suspicions. Chief of the Army Staff T.N. Raina (who had only been appointed because Indira had superseded senior officers to appoint him) was invited for a discussion by Indira and Sanjay Gandhi. Sanjay reportedly told Raina "There are about 300 districts in the country. One infantry platoon is sufficient to control each district... Thus we can control India by deploying 300 platoons or about 25 infantry battalions; a mere three or four divisions. The party [the Congress], supported by paramilitary forces and the police, can deal with other administrative details." Although Indira agreed with Sanjay's plan, Raina refused to follow the plan, despite noting Sanjay's assumptions were "mathematically correct".
See also List of members of the 6th Lok Sabha
Notes
References
Further reading Guha, Ramachandra. India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy (2008) pp 491–518 Klieman, Aaron S. "Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government," Political Science Quarterly (1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259 in JSTOR Roy, Ramashray; Sheth, D. L. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969," Political Science Review (1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp 51–63