General elections were held in Israel on 29 May 1996. For the first time, the prime minister was elected on a separate ballot from the remaining members of the Knesset.
The elections for prime minister resulted in a surprise victory for Benjamin Netanyahu, by a margin of 29,457 votes, less than 1% of the total number of votes cast, and much smaller than the number of spoiled votes. This came after the initial exit polls had predicted a Shimon Peres win,At the Crossroads PBS, 30 May 1996 spawning the phrase "went to sleep with Peres, woke up with Netanyahu". Although Peres lost the prime ministerial vote – his fourth and last defeat as Labor leader – Labor emerged as the largest party in the Knesset, winning two more seats than the Likud–Gesher–Tzomet alliance.
Background Peace process
On 13 September 1993, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) signed the Oslo Accords (a Declaration of Principles)Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements Jewish Virtual Library on the South Lawn of the White House. The principles established objectives relating to a transfer of authority from Israel to an interim Palestinian authority, as a prelude to a final treaty establishing a Palestinian state.
On 25 July 1994, Jordan and Israel signed the Washington Declaration, which formally ended the state of war that had existed between them since 1948 and on 26 October the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, witnessed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.Main Points of Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty October 26, 1994 Israeli Ministry of Foreign AffairsTreaty of Peace between The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and The State of Israel King Hussein website
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat signed the Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 28 September 1995, in Washington. The agreement allowed the PLO leadership to relocate to the West Bank and Gaza Strip and granted autonomy to the Palestinians with talks to follow regarding final status. In return the Palestinians promised to abstain from use of terror and changed the Palestinian National Covenant, which had called for the expulsion of all Jews who migrated after 1917 and the elimination of Israel.
Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin
On 4 November 1995, at the end of a rally in support of the Oslo agreements held in the center of Tel Aviv, Prime Minister Rabin was assassinated. The murderer, Yigal Amir, a right-wing Jewish radical, was a law student at the Bar-Ilan University who fanatically opposed the Prime Minister's peace initiative, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords. The assassination of Rabin was a shock to the Israeli public. Approximately 80 heads of state attended Rabin's funeral in Jerusalem.
Palestinian terror campaign between February–March 1996
South Lebanon conflict
Parliament factions
The table below lists the parliamentary factions represented in the 13th Knesset. Name Ideology Symbol Leader 1992 resultSeats at 1996dissolution Votes (%) Seats Labor Social democracy Shimon Peres34.7% Likud National liberalism Benjamin Netanyahu24.9% Meretz ProgressivismSecularism Yossi Sarid9.6% Tzomet NationalismSecularism Rafael Eitan6.4% Mafdal Religious Zionism Zvulun Hammer5.0% Shas Religious conservatismPopulism Aryeh Deri4.9% UTJ Religious conservatism Avraham Yosef Shapira3.3% Hadash CommunismSocialism Tawfiq Ziad2.4% Moledet Ultranationalism Rehavam Ze'evi2.4% Mada Israeli Arab Interests Abdulwahab Darawshe1.6% Third Way CentrismLiberalism Avigdor Kahalani- Gesher Liberal conservatismEconomic egalitarianism - David Levy- Atid Liberalism - Alex Goldfarb- YiudLiberalism -Gonen SegevYamin YisraelUltranationalism Shaul Gutman -Independent
Campaign
After taking over from Yitzhak Rabin, following his assassination, Peres decided to call early elections, in order to give the government a mandate to advance the peace process.Israeli elections will test support for peace CNN, 11 February 1996
King Hussein of Jordan's popularity in Israel had peaked after the Israel-Jordan peace treaty was signed, and he was expected to express support for a candidate. Hussein initially remained neutral, but later expressed support for Netanyahu. Efraim Halevy, then head of the Israeli intelligence agency (Mossad), said that Hussein had preferred Netanyahu over Peres, as he had deeply mistrusted the latter.
During the campaign, US president Bill Clinton attempted to influence the results of the election in favor of Peres, saying that, "I tried to do it in a way that didn't overtly involve me", because Peres was "more supportive of the peace process".
Netanyahu's campaign was helped by Australian mining magnate Joseph Gutnick, who donated over $1 million to Likud.
Nevertheless, Labor and Peres were comfortably ahead in the polls early in 1996, holding a lead of 20%. However, the country was hit by a spate of suicide attacks by Hamas, including the Jerusalem bus 18 massacres and other attacks in Ashkelon and the Dizengoff Center, which killed 59 people and severely damaged Peres' election chances.Suicide bombings scar Peres' political ambitions CNN, May 28, 1996 Polls taken in mid-May showed Peres ahead by just 4-6%,Pivotal Elections: Candidates CNN, 1996 whilst two days before the election, his lead was down to 2%.Israeli election is a dead heat CNN, 28 May 1996
Several leading Haredi ("ultra-Orthodox") rabbis, including Elazar Shach, called on their followers to vote for Netanyahu,Israeli race for prime minister narrows CNN, 27 May 1996 whilst Leah Rabin, Yitzhak's widow, called on Israelis to vote for Peres, so that her husband's death "would not be in vain".Rabin's widow tells Israelis: Vote for Peres CNN, 30 May 1996 Netanyahu also warned that a Peres victory would lead to the division of Jerusalem in a final peace deal with the Palestinians.
Despite the national trauma which the assassination of Rabin caused, and although many blamed at the time the leaders of Israel's political right for the incitement that preceded the assassination, due to the series of suicide bombings carried out in Israel, and the failed military operation "Grapes of Wrath" conducted in Lebanon that caused many Lebanese civilian casualties, a significant change occurred in the position of the Israeli voters, which eventually resulted in 50.5 percent of voters supporting Netanyahu on election day. A significant number of Israeli Arabs boycotted the elections amidst rising Lebanese casualties, which became an advantage for Netanyahu, as the vast majority of Arabs would have supported Peres, but declined to vote. In addition, the intense campaign conducted by Netanyahu, in contrast to Peres's campaign, as well as the support Netanyahu received at the last moment from the Chabad movement, and other Haredim who wanted to ensure that Labor's staunchly secularist coalition partner, Meretz, would not return to government, tilted the outcome in Netanyahu's favour.
Endorsements by parties CandidatePartyOther parties supportingNetanyahuLikudGesherMafdalMoledetThird WayTzometUTJPeresLaborMeretzneitherShas
Prime minister candidate slogans CandidateOriginal sloganEnglish translationNetanyahu"Netanyahu, building a secure peace"Peres"Israel is strong with Peres"
Party slogans Party or allianceOriginal sloganEnglish translationLabor"Israel is too big for you, Bibi"Meretz"Let Meretz rise!""One ballot for Peres, one ballot for Meretz"Mafdal"Zionism with a soul."UTJ"Israel needs strong leadership"Hadash"Working for peace and equality"Moledet"Only a homeland [Moledet] on the right"Third Way"Meet in the middle"
Debates DateOrganizerModerator Present Invitee Non-invitee LikudLaborRefsPBenjamin NetanyahuPShimon Peres
Results Prime minister
Netanyahu's win was bolstered by large support from the Religious Zionist and Haredi ("ultra-Orthodox") community, 91.2% of whom voted for him. Peres on the other hand, gained overwhelming support from the country's Arab community, 97.5% of which backed him.
Knesset
Reactions James Baker, Secretary of State for former U.S. President George H. W. Bush, worried that Netanyahu's hard-line coalition partners would be able to boss him around and prevent him from advancing the peace process, even though the Israeli people want the peace process to continue. Warren Christopher, Secretary of State for U.S. President Bill Clinton, said that "President Clinton and [he] look forward to having a good working relationship with [Netanyahu]", and that it appeared "that Mr. Netanyahu was committed to pursuing the peace process". U.S. President Bill Clinton called Netanyahu and congratulated him on his election victory. Clinton also told Arab countries not to "pre-judge" the new Netanyahu government. Clinton invited Netanyahu to visit the White House, and "[Clinton] affirmed the continued support of the United States for the people of Israel in their quest for peace with security" in a White House statement. The White House decided to consider Netanyahu's election win as a positive, despite the fact that Clinton supported Netanyahu's opponent Shimon Peres in this election. Bob Dole, the 1996 Republican presidential nominee, "said [that] he could "work with [Netanyahu]" and that he was confident "that Netanyahu was "committed to peace"" David Grossman, Israeli author, said that "Netanyahu's election shows that at least half of the people are not really mature enough for the peace process", since while "[t]hey want peace", "they're not willing to make the concessions it takes". Yossi Klein Halevi, senior writer for The Jerusalem Report, warned Netanyahu against implementing a right-wing agenda and attempting to stop the peace process since Israel at that time was very divided and polarized, and most Israeli voters still supported the peace process. Michael Lerner, editor and publisher of Tikkun, speculated that "[Netanyahu's election victory is] going to undermine the peace process severely", and that while Netanyahu will claim that he supports the peace process, he will "subtly underm[ine it]" whenever he will be able to. Norman Podhoretz, editor of Commentary magazine, said that he didn't think that Netanyahu would be able to stop the peace process completely, but that he expected the Palestinian Authority to have a civil war with Hamas after the establishment of a Palestinian state, which would then be used by Syria and other hostile Arab states to intervene in Palestine and start a new war with Israel, in order "to make one last effort to wipe the Jewish state off the map". Leah Rabin, widow of assassinated Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, said that it is "very difficult to say what will be in the future", but that she "think[s] Netanyahu will try [to continue the peace process]" despite objections from hard-liners in his party. Nadav Safran, professor emeritus at Harvard University, said that Netanyahu would take a much harder line with Syria and the Palestinians in negotiations, and that he would also attempt to slow down the peace process. He said that Netanyahu's hard-line positions could start another armed conflict with the Palestinians if Netanyahu did not show more flexibility in his positions later on. Elie Wiesel, writer and Holocaust survivor, said that he "[didn't] think that [the impact of the elections on the peace process] will change much", since "[Netanyahu] has already said he will respect the achievements in negotiations", and since the peace process is irreversible. He also pointed out that while Netanyahu talked tough, so did Menachem Begin 20 years before that, and Begin ultimately signed a peace treaty with Egypt a few years after he was elected.
Aftermath
Despite winning the election for prime minister, Netanyahu's Likud (in an alliance with Gesher and Tzomet) lost the Knesset elections to Labour, winning only 32 seats compared to Labour's 34.