The notion of a sovereign state arises in the 16th century with the development of modern diplomacy. For earlier times, the term "sovereign state" is an anachronism. What corresponded to sovereign states in the medieval and ancient period were monarchs ruling By the Grace of God, de facto feudal or imperial autocrats, or de facto independent nations or tribal confederations.
Sovereign states
A Aach - Lordship of Aach - Free Imperial City of Aachen Aalen - Free Imperial City of Aalen Aceh - Sultanate of Aceh Adal - Adal Sultanate - Kingdom of Alodia - Duchy of Alsace Andorra - Principality of Andorra Anhalt - Principality of Anhalt Annam - Kingdom of Annam Ansbach - Margraviate of Ansbach Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) Aragon - Kingdom of Aragon Arakan - Kingdom of Arakan Armagnac - County of Armagnac - Kingdom of Ashanti Assam - Kingdom of Assam Astrakhan - Khanate of Astrakhan Austria - Archduchy of Austria Auvergne - County of Auvergne Ayutthaya - Ayutthaya Kingdom Aztecs - Aztec Empire
B Baden - Margraviate of Baden Bali - Kingdom of Bali Bavaria - Duchy of Bavaria Bengal - Sultanate of Bengal - Benin Empire Bohemia - Kingdom of Bohemia Bourbonnais - Duchy of Bourbonnais Brandenburg - March/Margraviate of Brandenburg Bremen - Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen Brittany - Duchy of Brittany - Sultanate of Brunei Brunswick-Lüneburg - Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
C Castille - Crown of Castille Catalonia - Principality of Catalonia Ceylon - Kotte Kingdom Chagatai Khanate - Chagatai Khanate Champa - Kingdom of Champa Cherokee - Cherokee Tribe China - Empire of the Great Ming Cleves - Duchy of Cleves Cologne - Electorate of Cologne Connacht - Kingdom of Connacht Cospaia - Republic of Cospaia Creek - Creek Tribe Crimea - Crimean Khanate
D Đại Việt - Kingdom of Đại Việt Deccan - Kingdom of Deccan Delhi - Sultanate of Delhi - Kingdom of Denmark
E - Kingdom of England - Ethiopian Empire
F - Kingdom of France Friesland - Lordship of Friesland Funj - Funj Tribe
G Gelre - Duchy of Gelre Georgia - Kingdom of Georgia - The Most Serene Republic of Genoa Golden Horde - Golden Horde Khanate Gondwana - Kingdom of Gondwana Gujarat - Sultanate of Gujarat
H Haasa - The Sheikdom of al-Haasa - Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg Hausa - Hausa Kingdoms Hejaz - Sultanate of Hejaz Hesse - Landgraviate of Hesse Hungary - Kingdom of Hungary Huron - Huron Tribe
I Inca - Inca Empire Iroquois - Iroquois Tribe
J Japan - Sengoku period of Japan
K Kanem Bornu - Bornu Empire - Kingdom of Kartli Kashmir - Sultanate of Kashmir - Kazakh Khanate Kazan - Kazan Khanate Khandesh - Kingdom of Khandesh Khmer - Khmer Empire Knights Hospitaller - Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta Kongo - Kingdom of Kongo Korea - Kingdom of Joseon
L Lan Na - Kingdom of Lan Na Lan Xang - Kingdom of Lan Xang Leinster - Kingdom of Leinster Liège - Prince-Bishopric of Liège Lithuania - Grand Duchy of Lithuania Lorraine - Duchy of Lorraine
M Mainz - Archbishopric of Mainz Makassar - Sultanate of Makassar Malacca - Sultanate of Malacca Maldives - Sultanate of Maldives Mali - Mali Empire Malwa - Malwa Sultanate Mamluk - Mamluk Sultanate Manchu - Manchu People Manipur - Kingdom of Manipur Mantua - Duchy of Mantua Maya - Maya Empire Mazovia - Duchy of Mazovia Mecklenburg - Duchy of Mecklenburg Milan - Duchy of Milan Modena - Duchy of Modena and Reggio - Principality of Moldavia Monaco - Principality of Monaco Mongol Khanate - Khanate of Mongol - Sultanate of Morocco Moscow - Grand Duchy of Moscow Mrauk U - Kingdom of Mrauk U Munster - Kingdom of Munster Münster - Prince-Bishopric of Münster Mutapa - Kingdom of Mutapa Mysore - Kingdom of Mysore
N Najd - Sultanate of Najd Naples - Kingdom of Naples Navarra - Kingdom of Navarra Naxos - Duchy of the Naxos Nepal - Kingdom of Nepal Nogai - Nogai Horde Norway - Kingdom of Norway
O Oirats - Oirat Horde Oldenburg - County of Oldenburg Oman - Sultanate of Oman Orissa - Kingdom of Orissa Orléans - Duchy of Orléans - Sublime Ottoman State Oyo - Oyo Empire
P Electorate of the Palatinate - Palatinate of the Rhine - States of the Church Pegu - Kingdom of Pegu Pisa - Republic of Pisa Poland - Kingdom of Poland Pomerania - Duchy of Pomerania Portugal - Kingdom of Portugal Pskov - Pskov Republic
Q Qasim - Qasim Khanate
R Ragusa - Republic of Ragusa Rājputāna - Kingdom of Rājputāna Riga - Archbishopric of Riga Ryukyu - Kingdom of Ryukyu
S Saaremaa - Bishopric of Saaremaa-Wiek Salzburg - Archbishopric of Salzburg - Most Serene Republic of San Marino County of Santa Fiora - Duchy of Savoy - Kingdom of Scotland Shawnee - Shawnee Tribe Sibir - Khanate of Sibir Sicily - Kingdom of Sicily Siena - Republic of Siena Silesia - Duchy of Silesia Sindh - Kingdom of Sindh Songhai - Songhai Empire - Kingdom of Sukhothai Sulu - Sultanate of Sulu Swahili - Swahili Tribe Sweden - Kingdom of Sweden Switzerland - Swiss Confederacy
T Tartu - Bishopric of Tartu Taungu - Kingdom of Taungu Teutonic Knights - Teutonic Order Thuringia - Duchy of Thuringia Tibet - Tibetan Empire Timurid - Timurid Empire Transylvania - Principality of Transylvania Travancore - Kingdom of Travancore Trier - Archbishopric of Trier Tripoli - Sultanate of Tripoli Tunisia - Kingdom of Tunisia Tuscany - Republic of Tuscany Tír Eoghain - Kingdom of Tyrone
U Urbino - Archdiocese of Urbino Utrecht - Bishopric of Utrecht
V - Most Serene Republic of Venice Vijayanagara - Vijayanagara Empire
W - Principality of Wallachia Württemberg - Duchy of Württemberg Würzburg - Bishopric of Würzburg
Y Yemen - Kingdom of Yemen
Z Zapotec - Zapotec Empire Zeta - Principality of Zeta