Breathless () is a 1960 French New Wave crime drama film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard. It stars Jean-Paul Belmondo as a wandering criminal named Michel, and Jean Seberg as his American girlfriend Patricia. The film was Godard's first feature-length work and represented Belmondo's breakthrough as an actor.
Breathless is an influential example of French New Wave (nouvelle vague) cinema. Along with François Truffaut's The 400 Blows and Alain Resnais's Hiroshima mon amour, both released a year earlier, it brought international attention to new styles of French filmmaking. At the time, Breathless attracted much attention for its bold visual style, which included then unconventional use of jump cuts.
Upon its initial release in France, the film attracted over two million viewers. It has since been considered one of the best films ever made, repeatedly appearing in Sight & Sound magazine's decennial polls of filmmakers and critics on the subject. In May 2010, a fully restored version of the film was released in the United States to coincide with the film's 50th anniversary.
American film critic of the time, Pauline Kael, called it the most important New Wave film to reach the United States.
Plot Michel Poiccard, a young and brash criminal who idolizes American movie gangsters, steals a car in Marseille and heads for Paris. On the Route nationale 7, he impulsively shoots and kills a motorcycle policeman after being pursued for crossing a solid line. Now a wanted man, he arrives in Paris and seeks out Patricia Franchini, an American student and aspiring journalist, with whom he had a recent affair. Patricia wants to study at the Sorbonne and sells the New York Herald Tribune on the Champs-Élysées. Michel ultimately persuades Patricia to sleep with him again, though she remains uncertain about their relationship and Michel's criminal behavior, and is unwilling to accede to his desire to run away to Rome together.
Michel hides out in Patricia's apartment and various hotel rooms, trying to evade the police while also attempting to collect money he is owed by various acquaintances. The police eventually identifies him as the RN7 murderer, and his photograph is published on the front covers of major newspapers. When questioned by a detective, Patricia initially refuses to turn him in, and loses the other detective tailing her.
While waiting for an acquaintance to help him cash a check, Michel and Patricia hide out at the house of a friend's friend. Patricia ultimately contacts the police and reveals Michel's location, unsure of whether she wants to protect him or destroy him. Michel refuses to flee and is shot in the back when the police arrive. He runs through the street and collapses, mortally wounded. As he lies dying, Michel speaks a few cryptic words to Patricia, which she struggles to understand. She then looks directly into the camera and touches her lips, mirroring Michel's frequent gesture.
Cast
Jean-Paul Belmondo as Michel Poiccard/Laszlo Kovacs Jean Seberg as Patricia Franchini Daniel Boulanger as Police Inspector Vital Henri-Jacques Huet as Antonio Berruti Roger Hanin as Carl Zumbach Van Doude as Van Doude Liliane Dreyfus as Liliane Jean-Pierre Melville as Parvulesco Jean-Luc Godard as an informer Richard Balducci as Tolmachoff Philippe de Broca as a journalist Jean Douchet as a journalist Gérard Brach as a photographer Andre S. Labarthe as a journalist Jacques Rivette as the body of the man hit by a car
Production Background and writing Breathless was loosely based on a newspaper article that François Truffaut read in The News in Brief about Michel Portail and his American journalist girlfriend Beverly Lynette. In November 1952, Portail stole a car to visit his sick mother in Le Havre and ended up killing a motorcycle cop named Grimberg.Chambre 12, Hôtel de Suède (1993). Directed by Claude Ventura. In Criterion Collection, Breathless. DVD, disc 2. 2007. Truffaut wrote a treatment with Claude Chabrol, but they disagreed on the story structure.
Godard was working as a press agent at 20th Century Fox when he met producer Georges de Beauregard. He helped Beauregard with the script for Pêcheur d'Islande, but pitched him on Breathless because he liked the treatment. Chabrol and Truffaut were now star directors. They were at the Cannes Film Festival in May 1959 when they wrote Beauregard to endorse Godard as the director. Their names helped greenlight the film, but both would have very small roles in its production.
The final screenplay deviates very little from Truffaut's original treatment, aside from the much longer bedroom scene. Godard wrote the script as he went along. He told Truffaut, "the subject will be the story of a boy who thinks of death and of a girl who doesn't." Truffaut believed Godard's change to the ending was personal, "In my script, the film ends with the boy walking along the street as more and more people turn and stare after him, because his photo's on the front of all the newspapers... Jean-Luc chose a violent end because he was by nature sadder than I."
Godard used screenwriter Paul Gégauff, who was known as a swaggering seducer of women, as inspiration for Michel's character. Fellow New Wave director Jacques Rivette appears in a cameo as the dead body of a man hit by a car in the street. The film includes many in-jokes like the young woman selling Cahiers du Cinéma and Michel's occasional alias of Laszlo Kovacs, the name of Belmondo's character in Chabrol's 1959 film Web of Passion.
Jean-Paul Belmondo was not famous outside of France prior to Breathless. In order to broaden the film's commercial appeal, Godard sought a prominent leading lady who would be willing to work in his low-budget film. He came to Jean Seberg through his acquaintance with her husband Francois Moreuil."The Jean Seberg Enigma: Interview with Garry McGee" , Film Threat, 28 March. 2008 In June 1959, Seberg agreed to appear in the film for $15,000, one-sixth of the film's budget. Godard gave Moreuil a cameo in the film. During filming, Seberg privately questioned Godard's style and wondered if the film would be commercially viable. After it was a success, she reprised her character in Godard's Le Grand Escroc. Pauline Kael, The New Yorker film critic, called Belmondo the most exciting actor since the appearance of Marlon Brando.
Godard wanted cinematographer Michel Latouche to shoot the film after working with him on his short films. Instead, De Beauregard hired Raoul Coutard, who he had on contract.Breathless. The Criterion Collection. Special Features, disc 1. Interviews. 2007.
The 1958 ethno-fiction Moi, un noir has been credited as a key influence for Godard. This can be seen in the adoption of jump-cuts, use of real locations rather than constructed sets and the documentary, newsreel format of filming.Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:
Filming Godard envisaged Breathless as a documentary and tasked cinematographer Raoul Coutard to shoot the entire film on a hand-held camera with next to no lighting.Begery, Benjamin. Reflections: Twenty-one cinematographers at work, p. 200. ASC Press, Hollywood. In order to shoot under low-light levels, Coutard had to use Ilford HP5 film, which was not available as motion picture film stock at the time. It is very often claimed that he therefore took 18-metre lengths of HP5 film sold for 35mm still cameras and spliced them into 120-metre rolls, but Coutard has denied this, saying that no splicing took place. During development he pushed the negative one stop from 400 ASA to 800 ASA.
The size of the sprocket holes in the photographic film was different from that of motion picture film, and the Eclair Cameflex camera was the only camera that worked for the film used. Nearly the entire film had to be dubbed in post-production because the Cameflex was noisy and incapable of synchronized sound.Begery, Benjamin. Reflections: Twenty-one cinematographers at work, p. 201. ASC Press, Hollywood.
Filming ran 23 days from August 17 until September 12, 1959. It included President Eisenhower's visit to Paris, which Godard used as a backdrop for the film. The crew met at Café Notre Dame and shot for two hours until Godard ran out of ideas. According to Coutard, the film was virtually improvised on the spot, and Godard wrote dialogue in an exercise book that no one was allowed to see. Godard gave lines to Belmondo and Seberg with only brief rehearsals before filming.
Locations were selected in advance, and assistant director Pierre Rissient described the shoot as very organized. However, filming was done without permits, adding to the spontaneous feel Godard wanted. Michel's death was filmed on the rue Campagne-Première in Paris. Actor Richard Balducci said shooting days could range from 15 minutes to 12 hours, depending on how many ideas Godard had. Producer Georges de Beauregard wrote a letter to the crew complaining about the erratic shooting schedule. Coutard claimed Beauregard got in a fistfight with Godard when he found the director at a café on a day when he had called in sick.
Godard shot the movie's first sequence toward the end, but most of the filming was chronological. There was minimal crew and no lights for the bedroom scene with Michel and Patricia at the Hôtel de Suède. Godard was determined to shoot there after living at the hotel in the early 1950s. Instead of renting a dolly with complicated and time-consuming tracks to lay, Godard often pushed Coutard in a wheelchair. For certain street scenes, Coutard hid in a postal cart with a hole for the lens and packages piled on top of him.
Editing Breathless was processed and edited at GTC Labs in Joinville by Cécile Decugis and her assistant Lila Herman. Decugis said the film earned a pre-release reputation as the worst film of the year.
Pierre Rissient said that the jump cut style was not intended during the film's shooting or the initial stages of editing. Coutard said that "there was a panache in the way it was edited that didn't match at all the way it was shot. The editing gave it a very different tone than the films we were used to seeing." The film's use of jump cuts has been called innovative. Andrew Sarris analyzed it as existentially representing "the meaninglessness of the time interval between moral decisions.""Breathless as Film Criticism". Written by Jonathan Rosenbaum. In Criterion Collection, Breathless. DVD, disc 2. 2007.
Publicity Godard and his media-savvy friends were well-positioned to gin up publicity before the movie was released. Richard Balducci was in charge of promoting the film and he embedded a reporter from France-Observateur in the crew to report on the production. A novelization by Claude Francolin was released in February 1960, a month before the film's release. Columbia also issued a soundtrack album of Martial Solal's music.
Reception Prix Jean Vigo (1960)Best Film: Jean-Luc Godard 10th Berlin International Film FestivalSilver Bear for Best Director: Jean-Luc GodardGolden Bear: Jean-Luc Godard (nominated) 15th British Academy Film Awards Best Foreign Actress: Jean Seberg (nominated) French Syndicate of Cinema Critics Best French Film (tied with Le Trou)