Vaikhanasa () or Vaikhanasagama () is a tradition of Hinduism that primarily worships Vishnu (and his associated avatars) as the Supreme God. The tradition draws its name from the philosophy propounded by its founder, Sage Vikhanasa.
Vaikhanasa is classified as a Vaishnava Agama, concerned with the performance of practices such as temple rituals. Its adherents are primarily the Brahmins who belong to the school of the Krishna Yajurveda Taittiriya Shakha and the Vaikhanasa Kalpasutra. It is principally monotheistic in its philosophy, whilst also incorporating elements that could be described as being panentheistic. Like the Pancharatra, it is well established in South India.
History
The Vaikhanasas originated as a group of forest-dwelling ascetics. In the Manava Dharmashastra, the legendary Manu discusses the vanaprastha, forest-dweller, the third of the four ashrama stages of life, and mentions a "Vaikhanasa rule." Other ancient authorities support this reference, so it seems there was a Vaikhanasa ascetic community before the common era. They are mentioned in the Narayaniyam, which is a late section of the Mahabharata of uncertain date but probably no earlier than the third century CE. Surviving Vaikhanasa sutras are no older than the fourth century CE.
Inscriptions from perhaps the eighth century CE identify Vaikhanasas as temple priests, and from the end of the tenth century they are prominently mentioned in South Indian inscriptions. Vaikhanasas were the priests of Vishnu temples, trusted with administering the temples and their lands.
Vedanta Desika, a leader of the Sri Vaishnava school, has given equal importance to both vaikhanasa and Pancharatra system in his work Saranagati Deepika 32 :
tvAm paancaraatrikanayEna pruthakvidhEna vaikhanasEna ca pathA niyatAdhikArA: |
samjn~A vishESha niyamEna samarcayanta: preetyA nayanti phalavanti dinAni dhanyA: ||
Today, Vaikhanasas are the chief priests in more than half of the Vaishnava temples in the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka.
Doctrine Vaikhanasas claim to be a surviving school of Vedic ritual, the Taittiriya Shakha of the Krishna Yajurveda. Vaikhanasa tradition says the sage Vikhanasa, who was a manifestation of Vishnu, acquired an education of the Vedas and the Shastras. He learnt how to worship Vishnu as an arcāvatāra, a temple image regarded to be an iconic form of the deity. He is regarded to have travelled to the holy forest known as the Naimisharanya and composed the Vaikhanasa Kalpasutra and taught the treatise known as the Sri Vaikhanasa Bhagavad Shastra to his four disciples, the sages Atri, Bhrigu, Kashyapa and Marichi, which contained the procedures of Samurtarcana, Amurtarchana, and devotional service to Vishnu in the form of his images.
Most Vaikhanasa literature is almost completely concerned with rituals, prescribing the rituals and their rules of performance. To Vaikhanasas, their temple worship is a continuation of the Vedic yajna. Regular and correct worship of Vishnu in a temple are regarded to bring the same results as the fire sacrifice even for people who do not maintain their fires.
Vaikhanasa texts venerate four aspects of Vishnu: Purusha, the principle of life; Satya, the static aspect of deity; Achyuta, the immutable aspect; and Aniruddha, the irreducible aspect. They prescribe the two primary mantras of Vaishnavism: Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya and Om Namo Narayanaya. Distinction is emphasised between Vishnu in his form of niṣkalā, a primeval and indivisible form unperceived even by Brahma, and his form of sakala, the figured, divisible, emanated, and movable form. In his form of Sakala, the deity is regarded to respond to devotional meditation. Vishnu's consort, Shri, is regarded to be as important as nature, Prakriti, as the power (shakti) of Vishnu.
The Vaikhanasa doctrine states that spiritual liberation (moksha) is release into Vishnu's abode of Vaikuntha. The nature of a devotee's moksha is regarded to be dependent on their performance of japa (attentive repetition of prayer), huta, yajna (ritual sacrifice), archana (service to images), and dhyana (yogic meditation). Of the four, the text known as the Marichi Samhita offers precedence to archana.
Adherents
The Vaikhanasa Brahmins/Vaikhanasas are a Vaishnavite Brahmin community of about 4000 families dispersed throughout South India in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka. They can also be found occasionally in some regions of the United States of America, Germany, Australia, UK, and some parts of Europe.
Some of the prominent Hindu temples following the Vaikhanasa Agama are Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala Sri Lakshmi Varada Yogabhoga Narasimha Swamy Temple, Shanthigrama, Hassan, Karnataka, India Sri Parthasarathy Temple, Triplicane, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Yogananda Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Mattapalli Arulmigu Venkatachalapathi Swamy Temple, Oppiliappan Koil, Thirunageswaram Arulmigu Sthala Shayana Perumal Temple, Thirukkadalmallai (Mamallapuram), Tamil Nadu Shiva Vishnu Temple, Livermore, California, USA India Cultural Center and Temple, Memphis, Tennessee, USA Sri Prasanna Venkateswaraa Swamy Temple (Sai Baba Mandir), Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple (Chinna Tirupathi), Dwarakatirumala, Eluru Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India. Sri Veeranarayana swamy Temple, Belavadi, Chikmagalur Dist, Karnataka Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple (Konaseema Tirupathi), Vadapalli, East Godavari Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple (Tirumala Giri), Tirumala Giri, Jaggayyapet, Krishna Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India. Sri Lakshmi Varaha Venkataramana Swamy Temple (Abhinava Tirupathi), Anjaneya Nagar, 3rd Stage Banashankari, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple Ballapur pet, Bangalore Karnataka, India Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Ilupeju, Lagos, Nigeria. Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Srigiri, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India Sri Rama and Sri Tuppadanjaneyaswamy Temple, Rangaswamy temple street, Avenue road cross, Bangalore. Sri Chennakeshava swamy temple, Ganigarapet, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Sri Venkataramanswamy Temple Avenue road Bangalore Sri Venkataramanswamy Temple Dharmarayaswamy temple road, Ganigarapet Bangalore Sri Lakshminarasimha Swamy temple, Near Upparpet Police station, Bangalore. Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Vedadri, Jaggayyapet, Krishna Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India. Sri Biligirirangaswamy temple Biligirirangana betta, Yelandur Tq Chamarajanagara district karnataka Sri venugopalaswamy temple, Kere thondanur pandavapura tq mandya district, karnataka Sri Veeranjaneya swmy temple mulabagilu tq kolar district, karnataka Sri Valmiki anjaneya swmy temple sajjanarao circle Bengaluru karnataka Sri Venkateswara Swami (Balaji) Temple of Greater Chicago Sri Lakshmi Temple Ashland Boston US Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Singapore Flower Mound Hindu Temple of Flower Mound Texas Sri Devanathan Perumal Temple Thiruvahintharapuram, cuddalore, India Sri Varatharaja Perumal Temple Puducherry, India Sri Venkateswara swamy Temple, Then thirumalai, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore Sri Venugopalaswamy temple, Guraza, Krishna District, Andhra pradesh Sri Chennakeshava swamy temple, Tarakaturu, Machilipatnam, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sri Chennakesava swamy temple, Mallavolu, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sri Chennakeshava swamy temple, Vullipalem, Repalle, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India Sri Venugopal swamy temple, kodali, krishna district, Andhra pradesh, India Sri Lakshminarashima swamy temple, sholingur, vellor district, Tamil Nadu, India Sri Vijayendra Swamy Temple, Bethamangala, Kolar District, Karnataka, India Sri Sundara Varadaraja Perumal Temple, Uthiramerur, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Velianallore village, Kanchipuram, Tamil nadu, India sri chennakesava swamy temple, Mallavolu, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sri Kallazhagar Temple, Thirumaliruncholai, Alagarkoil, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Sri Venkatesa Perumal Temple, Sowcarpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Sri Adhi Jegannatha Perumal Temple, Thiruppullani, Ramnad Dist, Tamil Nadu, India Sri Vegu Sundhara Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Sakkaramallur, Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Sri Prasanna Venkatesa Perumal Temple, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Sri Madhava Perumal Temple, Mylapore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Sri kesava Swamy temple, gandredu, pedapudi mandal, east godavari dist, andhra pradesh. sri thiruvenkatamudiyan temple, south thirupathy, Ariyakudi sivagangai district, Tamilnadu. Sri LakshmiNarayana Swamy Temple, Sekharipuram Agraharam, Palakkad, Kerala, India. Venkatachalapathy Temple, Kumarapuram Village Srimath Khadri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Kadiri, Andhra Pradesh. Madanagopalaswamy Temple, Dangeru, K. Gangavaram mandal, Konaseema Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India. Sri Bhu Sametha Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Sivala, K. Gangavaram mandal, Konaseema Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India Sri Seetaramachandraswamy Temple, Kota, K. Gangavaram Mandal, Konaseema Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India. Sri Govindaraja Swamy Temple, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Sri Kodandarama Swamy Temple, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Ramapuram, Chennai. Sri Gajendra varadha raja perumal temple, tirupattur(635601), Tamil Nadu Sri Kalyana Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Srinivasa Mangapuram, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Sri Vedanarayana Swamy Temple, Nagalapuram, Andhra Pradesh. Sri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple T.T.D Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana. Venugopala Swamy Temple, Garikaparru, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh.
Symbols
Temples and images with the Vaikhanasas are of more importance than perhaps any other sect of Hinduism. In accordance with Vaikhanasa doctrine of the two forms of Vishnu, the Nishkala, the unfigured, and the Sakala, the figured, two cult images are distinguished. There is the large immovable image representing Vishnu's Niskala form, which is ritually placed in a sanctuary and elaborately consecrated, and a smaller movable image representing Vishnu's Sakala form. If the devotee wishes for temporal and eternal results he should worship both forms. But if he is after only eternal results he should worship the immovable image.