Abu al-A'la Mawdudi ( – ) was a Pakistani Islamic scholar who served as the emir of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan from 1947 to 1972. He previously served as the founding emir of Jamaat-e-Islami in British India from 1941 to 1947, when the organization was split.
Mawdudi was born in Aurangabad, Hyderabad State into a Chishti Sufi clerical family. Regarded as a precocious child, he Arabic, Persian and Islamic law in his teenage from his father and other Islamic scholars. He gained multiple ijazahs (Islamic degree) in a number of Islamic sciences. Mawdudi was interested in politics from an early age and sought to establish a dawah organization, the Jamaat-e-Islami, that would oppose the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League. At the time of the Indian independence movement, Mawdudi and the Jamaat actively worked to oppose the partition of India. However, following the partition, Mawdudi pledged allegiance and moved to Pakistan and shifted his focus to politicising Islam, generating support for making Pakistan an Islamic state.. Mawdudi's ideas are thought to have influenced the decision of General Zia-ul-Haq to begin the process of Islamisation in Pakistan. Mawdudi died in the United States in 1979 and was given a state funeral, led by Yusuf al-Qaradawi, at the Kaaba in Mecca.
A highly prolific author, Mawdudi was the author of dozens of works, including Tafhim-ul-Quran, his exegesis of the Quran. He was the world's first recipient of the Saudi King Faisal International Award for his service to Islam in 1979. Mawdudi was also part of establishing and running of Islamic University of Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Mawdudi's writings influenced the Iranian Revolution. He is acclaimed by the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas, Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, Islamic Circle of North America and other Islamist organisations.
Early life
Background Mawdudi was born in the city of Aurangabad in colonial India, then part of the princely state enclave of Hyderabad. He was the youngest of three sons of Ahmad Hasan, a lawyer by profession. His elder brother, Sayyid Abu al-Khayr Mawdudi (1899–1979), would later become an editor and journalist.
Although his father was only middle-class, he was the descendant of the Chishti. His last name was derived from the first member of the Chishti Silsilah, i.e., Khawajah Syed Qutb ul-Din Maudood Chishti (d. 527 AH)... He stated that his paternal family originally moved from Chisht, in modern-day Afghanistan, during the days of Sikandar Lodi (d. 1517), initially settling in the state of Haryana before moving to Delhi later on, and on his mother's side, his ancestor Mirza Tulak, a soldier of Turkic origin, moved into India from Transoxiana around the times of Emperor Aurangzeb (d. 1707), while his maternal grandfather, Mirza Qurban Ali Baig Khan Salik (1816–1881), was a writer and poet in Delhi, a friend of the Urdu poet Ghalib..
Childhood Until he was nine, Mawdudi "received religious nurture at the hands of his father and from a variety of teachers employed by him." As his father wanted him to become a maulvi, this education consisted of learning Arabic, Persian, Islamic law and Hadith. He also studied books of mantiq (logic). A precocious child, he translated Qasim Amin's al-Marah al-Jadidah ("The New Woman"), a modernist and feminist work, from Arabic into Urdu at the age of 11... In the field of translation, years later, he also worked on some 3,500 pages from Asfar, the major work of the 17th century Persian-Shi'a mystical thinker Mulla Sadra.Muhammad Suheyl Umar, "...hikmat i mara ba madrasah keh burd? The Influence of Shiraz School on the Indian Scholars", October 2004 – Volume: 45 – Number: 4, note 26. . His thought would influence Mawdudi, as "Sadra's notions of rejuvenation of the temporal order, and the necessity of the reign of Islamic law (Shari'ah) for the spiritual ascension of man, found an echo in Mawdudi's works.".
Education When he was eleven, Mawdudi was admitted to the eighth class directly in Madrasa Fawqaniyya Mashriqiyya (Oriental High School), Aurangabad, founded by Shibli Nomani, a modernist Islamic scholar trying to synthesise traditional Islamic scholarship with modern knowledge, and which awakened Mawdudi's long-lasting interest in philosophy (particularly from Thomas Arnold, who also taught the same subject to Muhammad Iqbal) as well as natural sciences, like mathematics, physics, and chemistry. He then moved to a more traditionalist Darul Uloom in Hyderabad. Meanwhile, his father shifted to Bhopal – there Mawdudi befriended Niaz Fatehpuri, another modernist – where he suffered a severe paralysis attack and died leaving no property or money, forcing his son to abort his education. In 1919 by the time he was 16, and still a modernist in mindset, he moved to Delhi and read books by his distant relative, the reformist Sayyid Ahmad Khan. He also learned English and German to study, intensively, Western philosophy, sociology, and history for full five years: he eventually came up to the conclusion that "ulama' in the past did not endeavor to discover the causes of Europe's rise, and he offered a long list of philosophers whose scholarship had made Europe a world power: Fichte, Hegel, Comte, Mill, Turgot, Adam Smith, Malthus, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Darwin, Goethe, and Herder, among others. Comparing their contribution to that of Muslims, he concluded that the latter did not reach even 1 percent."
Journalism Despite his initial publication on electricity in Maarif in 1918 at the age of 15 and his subsequent appointment as editor of the weekly Urdu newspaper Taj in 1920 at the age of 17, he subsequently resumed his studies as an autodidact in 1921. Notably through the influence of certain members of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, he pursued subjects such as philosophical theology and the Dars-e-Nizami curriculum.. Mawdudi obtained ijazahs, which are certificates and diplomas in traditional Islamic learning. However, he abstained from referring to himself as an ''alim in the formal sense, as he perceived the Islamic scholars as regressive, despite some influence from Deobandi on him:.He said that he was a middle-class man who had learned through both new and old ways of learning. Mawdudi concluded that neither the traditional nor the contemporary schools are entirely correct, based on his own inner guidance.
Mawdudi worked as the editor of al-Jamiah, a newspaper of a group of orthodox Muslims, from 1924 to 1927. This time was critical and had a lot of influence.
Mawdudi, who has consistently remained committed to securing independence from Britain, began to question the legitimacy of the Indian National Congress and its Muslim allies during the 1920s, when the party adopted a more Hindu identity. He began to gravitate towards Islam,. and he believed that democracy would only be viable if the vast majority of Indians were Muslims.
Mawdudi returned to Hyderabad in 1928 after spending some time in Delhi as a young man..
Political writings Mawdudi's works were written and published throughout his life, including influential works from 1933 to 1941. Mawdudi's most well-known work, and widely considered his most important and influential work, is the Tafhim-ul-Quran (Urdu: تفہيم القرآن, Romanised: Towards Understanding the Qur'an), a 6-volume translation and commentary of the Qur'an which Mawdudi spent many years writing (which was begun in Muharram, 1361 A.H./February 1942).
In 1932, he joined another journal (Tarjuman al-Quran) and from 1932 to 1937 he began to develop his political ideas, and turn towards the cause of Islamic revivalism and Islam as an ideology,. over what he called "traditional and hereditary religion".. The government of Hyderabad helped support the journal by buying 300 subscriptions which it donated to libraries around India.. Mawdudi was alarmed by the decline of Muslim ruled Hyderabad, the increasing secularism and lack of purdah among Muslim women in Delhi..
By 1937, he became in conflict with Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and its support for a pluralistic Indian society where the Jamiat hoped Muslims could "thrive ... without sacrificing their identity or interests".. In that year he also married Mahmudah Begum, a woman from an old Muslim family with "considerable financial resources". The family provide financial help and allowed him to devote himself to research and political action, but his wife had "liberated", modern ways, and at first rode a bicycle and did not observe purdah. She was given greater latitude by Mawdudi than were other Muslims..
Political activity At this time he also began work on establishing an organisation for Da'wah (propagation and preaching of Islam) that would be an alternative to both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League..
At this time he decided to leave Hyderabad for Northwest India, closer to the Muslim political center of gravity in India. In 1938, after meeting the famous Muslim poet Muhammad Iqbal, Mawdudi moved to a piece of land in the village of Pathankot in the Punjab to oversee a Waqf (Islamic foundation) called Daru'l-Islam..
His hope was to make it a "nerve center" of Islamic revival in India, an ideal religious community, providing leaders and the foundation for a genuine religious movement. He wrote to various Muslim luminaries invited them to join him there.. The community, like Jamaat-e-Islami later, was composed of rukn (members), a shura (a consultative council), and a sadr (head).. After a dispute with the person who donated the land for the community over Mawdudi's anti-nationalist politics, Mawdudi quit the waqf and in 1939 moved the Daru'l-Islam with its membership from Pathankot to Lahore.
In Lahore he was hired by Islamiyah College but was sacked after less than a year for his openly political lectures..
Founding the Jamaat-i-Islami
In August 1941, Mawdudi founded Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) in British India as a religious political movement to promote Islamic values and practices. His Mission was supported by Amin Ahsan Islahi, Muhammad Manzoor Naumani, Abul Hassan Ali Nadvi and Naeem Siddiqui.
Jamaat-e-Islami actively opposed the partition of India, with its leader Abul A'la Mawdudi arguing that the concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the ummah. The Jamaat-e-Islami saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.
Mawdudi held that humans should accept God's sovereignty and adopt the divine code, which supersedes manmade laws, terming it a "theodemocracy", because its rule would be based on the entire Muslim community, not the ulama (Islamic scholars).
Mawdudi migrated to Lahore, which became part of the new state of Pakistan.
After the creation of Pakistan With the partition of India in 1947, the JI was split to follow the political boundaries of new countries carved out of British India. The organisation headed by Mawdudi became known as Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, and the remnant of JI in India as the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind. Later JI parties were the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, and autonomous groups in Indian Kashmir.
With the founding of Pakistan, Mawdudi's career underwent a "fundamental change", being drawn more and more into politics, and spending less time on ideological and scholarly pursuits.. Although his Jamaat-e-Islami party never developed a mass following, it and Mawdudi did develop significant political influence. It played a "prominent part" in the agitation which brought down President Muhammad Ayub Khan in 1969 and in the overthrow of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1977. Ideas of Mawdudi and the JI were especially influential in the early years of Muhammad Zia ul-Haq's rule.