Gymnogeophagus is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various river basins (notably Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos–Mirim) in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina. They are part of a group popularly known as eartheaters.
Species There are currently 20 recognized extant species in this genus:
Gymnogeophagus australis (C. H. Eigenmann, 1907) (Uruguayan eartheater) Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891) (Argentine eartheater) Gymnogeophagus caaguazuensis Staeck, 2006 Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, S. E. Gómez & Toresanni, 2000 Gymnogeophagus constellatus L. R. Malabarba, M. C. Malabarba & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (R. F. Hensel, 1870) (Smooth-cheek eartheater) Gymnogeophagus jaryi Alonso et al., 2019 Gymnogeophagus labiatus (R. F. Hensel, 1870) (Earth eater) Gymnogeophagus lacustris R. E. dos Reis & L. R. Malabarba, 1988 Gymnogeophagus lipokarenos L. R. Malabarba, M. C. Malabarba & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 Gymnogeophagus mekinos L. R. Malabarba, M. C. Malabarba & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 Gymnogeophagus meridionalis R. E. dos Reis & L. R. Malabarba, 1988 Gymnogeophagus missioneiro L. R. Malabarba, M. C. Malabarba & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 Gymnogeophagus peliochelynion Turcati, Serra-Alanis & Malabarba, 2018 Gymnogeophagus pseudolabiatus L. R. Malabarba, M. C. Malabarba & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (R. F. Hensel, 1870) (Stripe-fin eartheater) Gymnogeophagus setequedas R. E. dos Reis, L. R. Malabarba & Pavanelli, 1992 Gymnogeophagus taroba Casciotta, Almirón, Piálek & Říčan, 2017 Gymnogeophagus terrapurpura Loureiro, Zarucki, L. R. Malabarba & González-Bergonzoni, 2016 Gymnogeophagus tiraparae González-Bergonzoni, Loureiro & Oviedo, 2009
An extinct species Gymnogeophagus eocenicus lived during the Early Eocene of Argentina, around , representing one of the oldest known cichlids.
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