Jiaoliao or Jiao–Liao Mandarin (), sometimes referred to as Peninsular Mandarin, is a primary dialect of Mandarin Chinese, spoken on the Jiaodong Peninsula, from Yantai to Qingdao, Ganyu District in northeastern Jiangsu, and in the Liaodong Peninsula, from Dalian to Dandong, and in Mishan, Hulin, Fuyuan & Raohe counties of Heilongjiang.
Etymology Jiao is short for the Jiao River. Liao is short for the Liaodong Peninsula, and the name Liaodong means "East of the Liao River". (Liao is also an abbreviation used for the city of Liaoyang.)
Characteristics Usually, the defining criterion of Mandarin subgroups is taken to be the behaviour of Middle Chinese checked syllables. In Jiaoliao Mandarin, Middle Chinese checked syllables with voiceless initials are usually assigned the shǎng 上 tone. Below, all but Jinan, which act as a basis of comparison, are classified as Jiaoliao Mandarin.
+ Tones assigned to MC checked syllables with voiceless initialsYantai shǎng shǎng shǎng shǎngDalian yángpíng shǎng shǎng yángpíngQingdao shǎng shǎng shǎng shǎngLaizhou shǎng shǎng shǎng shǎngDandong shǎng shǎng shǎng shǎngJinan yīnpíng yīnpíng shǎng yīnpíng
This pattern is thought to have once been more widespread in Northern China based on records of Early Mandarin in textual sources such as the Zhongyuan Yinyun and the sporadic appearance of the pattern in dialect islands in Hebei province, for instance in Jinzhou.
In Jiaoliao Mandarin, the Middle Chinese 日 initial is usually dropped.
+ initial reflexesYantaiDalian QingdaoLaizhou DandongiouJinan
The Middle Chinese 知莊章 initials may be split into two initials, one retroflex and the other alveolo-palatal.Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2002), p.50-1.
Jiaoliao Mandarin also retained the distinction between velars and alveolar sibilants in palatal environments.
Sub-dialects
According to the 2012 edition of the Language Atlas of China, Jiao-Liao Mandarin can be divided into the following subgroups.
Dēng-Lián 登連 Yān-Wēi 煙威 Yantai dialect Weihai dialect Péng-Lóng 蓬龍 Dà-Xiù 大岫 Dalian dialect Qīng-Lái 青萊 Jiāo-Lián 膠蓮 Qingdao dialect Lái-Chāng Weifang dialect Laizhou dialect
Gài-Huán 蓋桓 Dandong dialect
Footnotes
Notes
References