Pohang (; ) is the largest city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea, with a population of 499,363 as of 2022, bordering the East Sea to the east, Yeongcheon to the west, Gyeongju to the south, and Cheongsong and Yeongdeok County to the north.
The city has food, textile, and metal industries. Agricultural products such as grapes, persimmons and garlic chives are abundant, and the city's proximity to the East Sea has led to the development of a fishing industry. Gwamegi is a local specialty.
The South Korean Marine Corps 1st Division is stationed in Pohang, and their Education and Training Command is located there as well.
Tourist attractions include the Jukdo Fish Market, where fresh seafood is sold, as well as the Yeongildae Beach, Wolpo Beach, and Pohang Songdo Beach. Naejangsan Mountain divides Pohang and Yeongdeok and has twelve waterfalls.
History
The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Pohang area is from the Mumun Pottery Period (1500–300 BC). Archaeologists have unearthed small villages and megalithic burials (dolmen) from this period. Still a small fishing village at the dawn of the 20th century, the earliest steps toward developing Pohang into a place of greater significance were taken in 1930 with the construction of a modern harbour. Pohang grew rapidly afterward, attaining the designation of town (eup) in 1931 and then earning the status of city (si) in 1949.WPS - Port of Pohang contact information. Worldportsource.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
Pohang's road arteries and shipping port made it a place of strategic significance during the Korean War. An unopposed landing of UN forces at Pohang on July 18, 1950 was the first large-scale amphibious operation since World War II, and the region around Pohang saw fierce clashes between South Korea's 3rd Infantry Division and North Korea's 5th Infantry Division during August–September 1950.
By the 1960s, Pohang was a small coastal city with a population of 50,000.KASTN . Cs.virginia.edu (1996-02-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-12. The next major development in Pohang's growth came in 1968 with the inauguration of the steel maker POSCO, and the local plant's commencement of production in 1972. The introduction of heavy industry to the city brought the local economy to a blend of iron, steel, shipbuilding and fisheries through the end of the 20th century.
The early 21st century and the age of globalization has brought new economic challenges to companies such as POSCO, giving rise to beliefs that Pohang would be wise to not be overly reliant on heavy industry to maintain its prosperity. In response, the Pohang of today presents itself as having an eye to the future, striving to become a diversified city of environmentalism and advanced learning, as well as a centre of arts and culture.
During the Silla Dynasty the area was made up of four hyeon, Toehwa-hyeon (), Jidap-hyeon (), Geunoji-hyeon (), Haea-hyeon (). Then during the Goryeo Dynasty these four were renamed to Heunghae-gun (흥해군/), Janggi-hyeon (), Yeongil-hyeon (), Cheongha-hyeon () respectively.
On 4 August 1896, the three remaining hyeon, which at that time were Janggi, Yeonil (; originally Yeongil) and Cheongha were reassigned as counties or gun as part of the change to the 13-province division of the Korean Empire.
On 1 March 1914, the four counties were unified as one Yeongil-gun (), which was subdivided into 18 myeons.
On 1 April 1931, Pohang-myeon () was designated as an eup, thus giving Yeongil-gun 1 eup and 17 myeon.
On 1 April 1934, Jukbuk-myeon () and Juknam-myeon () were united to make Jukjang-myeon (), while Janggi-myeon () and Bongsan-myeon () united to make Jihaeng-myeon (), so that there were 1 eup and 15 myeon.
On 1 October 1938, Hyeongsan-myeon () was incorporated into Pohang-eup, leaving Yeongil-gun with 1 eup and 14 myeon.
On 1 October 1942 Changju-myeon () was renamed and reclassified as Guryongpo-eup (구룡포읍/九龍浦邑), leaving 2 eup and 13 myeon.
On 15 August 1949, Pohang-eup was designated as Pohang-si (), leaving Yeongil with 1 si, 1 eup, 13 myeon and 1 local office.
On 8 July 1956, Heunghae-myeon () and Gokgang-myeon () are incorporated into Uichang-myeon () leaving 1 si, 1 eup and 12 myeon.
On 29 October 1957, Daljeon-myeon () is abolished and incorporated into Heunghae-myeon and Yeonil-myeon () leaving 1 si, 1 eup and 11 myeons.
On 1 March 1967, the Gibuk Local Office () of Gigye-myeon (기계면/) is established.
On 1 July 1973, Uichang-myeon is designated as Uichang-eup () leaving 1 si, 2 eup, 10 myeon and 3 local offices.
On 1 December 1980, Yeonil-myeon and Ocheon-myeon () are both designated as eup leaving 1 si, 4 eup, 8 myeon and 3 local offices.
On 1 September 1982, Haedo-dong () and Sangdae-dong () are separated into Haedo 1 and 2-dong and Sangdae 1 and 2-dong respectively.
On 1 April 1986, Daebo Local Office () and Gibuk Local Office are designated as myeon leaving 1 si, 4 eup, 10 myeon and 1 local office.
On 1 January 1995, a united Pohang absorbs all of Yeongil-gun, composed of 1 si, 2 gu, 4 eup, 10 myeon, 25 dong and 1 local office.
On 1 September 1998, the unification of Small-dong left Pohang with 1 si, 2 gu, 4 eup, 10 myeon, 19 dong and 1 local office.
On 1 January 2009, the unification of Small-dong left Pohang with 1 si, 2 gu, 4 eup, 10 myeon, 15 dong and 1 local office.
Geography and climate Pohang is located along the coast of Yeongil Bay.Ryu, K.H.; Jeong, W.M.; Oh, J.-E.; Baek, W.-D.; Chang, Y.S. Wave Height Reduction Inside Pohang New Port, Korea, Due to the Construction of a Detached Breakwater. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022,10, 1537 The city is situated at the mouth of the Hyeongsan River, which flows into Yeongil Bay. Geologically, it is located within the Pohang Basin, an area composed of Neogene sedimentary rocks that are of significant interest in South Korean geology due to their diverse fossil records.
Under the Köppen climate classification, Pohang has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The mean temperature in the coldest month, January, is relatively mild at 2.2 °C. The warmest month is August, when the mean temperature is 26.0 °C. On average, Pohang receives 1,152 mm of precipitation per year. The driest month is December, when the city receives a scant 25.7 mm of precipitation on average. However, the mean amount of precipitation for the wettest month, August, is 227.4 mm.
Administrative Organization
Head office: 1 head office, 4 office, 6 team, 25 department Executive office: 1 office 7 experts Direct organizations: three centers and six departments Business offices: 11 offices and 7 departments Nam-gu and Buk-gu office: 12 departments Eup, Myeon and Dong: 4 Eup, 10 Myeon and 15 Dong (The number of public officials: 1,960) Mayor Globalization strategy headquarter Self-governing Administration Bureau Economy & Industries Bureau Welfare environment office Construct and Urban Planning Bureau Nam-gu & Buk-gu Public Health Centers Agricultural Technology Center Construction Environment Office Water Supply Office Other centers Culture & arts center Municipal library Municipal art gallery Agricultural product wholesale market management office Women's culture center Park management office Vehicle registration office Transportation The city is served by several trains a day from Seoul and Daegu. Pohang is the terminus for a number of ferry routes serving the adjacent East Sea, including the main tourist route for Ulleung Island and Liancourt Rocks. Pohang is the home of POSCO (the Pohang Steel Company), one of the largest steel producers in the world, and a host of related industries. As a result, the port shipped a total of 54.8 million tons in 2006.
Several flights per day to Seoul Gimpo Airport and Jeju Airport are available at Pohang Gyeongju Airport.
Local transportation is served by only city buses. They run about 20 different ways of the city and some of them reach to the mountain folk. Also, the buses are classified into 2 kinds – one is Ilban-bus (normal bus) and the other is Jwaseok-bus (full of seats and a little more expensive than Ilban-bus). They run 15~25 minutes intervals along their own way. The bus routes are listed in both Korean and English but the Korean version is interactive, and thus more helpful.
There are two main bus terminals - Shiwae () and Gosok () which roughly translate into intercity/city and express. The Shiwae bus terminal () also acts as the cross-country bus terminal from which access to nearby metropolitan cities such as Daegu and Busan (~1.5 hrs each depending on traffic) is available. Their website is only in Korean and only accessible in Internet Explorer. The Gosok bus terminal () website is in both English and Korean. From Gosok bus terminal one can travel to Seoul and Gwangju.
Pohang is also serviced by two train stations - Pohang station () and Wolpo station (). Times and destinations are available on the Korail website which is in English and Korean.
Passengers using the KTX had to go to Gyeongju station () until 2015. However, since 2015, the KTX travels directly to Pohang station ().
Education
Universities with graduate schools Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Handong Global University
Other institutes of higher education Pohang College Sunlin College
Health There are some hospitals to treat people; two types of hospitals exist: public, and private. Public hospitals are run by the government, and supported by the government. Conversely, private hospitals are managed by the individuals. For example, S Pohang hospital is sponsored by the Ministry of Public Administration and Security which means it is supported by the government ("Introduction of the hospital" 1). They provide the treatments of brain disease, and spine disease. For private hospital, Pohang Sunlin Hospital is run by Hyunsu Shin ("Introduction of the head of the hospital" 1).
Culture
Thousands flock to see the fireworks festival at Yeongildae Beach each summer. People travel from all over the country to watch the show. The Culture & Arts Center, opened in 1995, holds performances and exhibitions in its various galleries and theaters. Pohang is known for gwamegi and holds an annual Gwamegi Festival. Gwamegi Festival is available on November annually. In 2015, the festival invited individuals from different ages. Numerous people can enjoy the festival, and the festival is sponsored by banks such as Suhyeop, Nonghyeop, Shinhan, and POSCO. During the festival, it is available to experience the old traditional Korean culture such as competing with person who sell Yeot. Furthermore, many singers from various places including Philippines are invited to demonstrate their talent to people ("Schedule" 1). In this place, Guryongpo, it is possible to try Gwamegi, Pidegi which is dried squid, and big crabs ("Information about the products in Guryongpo" 1).
Museums
Guryongpo Gwamegi Culture Museum Guryongpo Modern History Museum The National Lighthouse Museum Yeongil Folk History Museum The Posco Museum Pohang Museum Of Steel Art Pohang Canal PR Hall Robo Life Museum
Monuments
Sabang Memorial Park Saemaul Memorial Hall New Millennium Memorial Hall
Villages
Deokdong Culture Village Duksil Village Sangok-ri
Experiences
Botanical Garden of Gyeongsangbukdo Yeonorang Seonyeo Theme Park Key-Chungsan Botanical Garden Yeongilman Cruise Pohang Ship Experience
Other important spots
Posco Pohang Accelerator Laboratory Korea Institute of Robotics & Technology Convergence
Industry
Steel and Metal Industry The city is home to the headquarters and large production facilities of POSCO, one of the world's largest steelmakers. Besides steel, the city has a burgeoning industry in electric vehicle battery materials through POSCO's subsidiary POSCO Future M. The city expects 70 trillion won in annual revenue from cathode materials alone produced in the city by companies such as POSCO and EcoPro BM.
Sports