Rutul or Rutulian is a language spoken by the Rutulians, an ethnic group living in Dagestan (Russia) and some parts of Azerbaijan. It is spoken by 30,000 people in Dagestan (2010 census) and 17,000 (no date) in Azerbaijan. The word Rutul derives from the name of a Dagestani village where speakers of this language make up the majority. ETHEO: Rutul Language
Rutulian is endangered in RussiaPublished in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280. and classified as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
Classification The Rutulian language includes 4 main dialects: Mukhadian, Shinazian, Ikhrek-Myukhrekian, Borch-Khnovian.
Rutulian belongs to the Lezgic group (Samur group) of the Northeast Caucasian language family. The Rutulians call their language .
Related languages Among the languages of the Lezgic group, Tsakhur appears to be the closest relative of Rutulian. Other than these two, there are seven more languages in the Lezgic group, namely: Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.
History Rutulian was not a written language until the writing system for it (based on Cyrillic) was developed in 1990. A Latin alphabet was developed in 2013 based on the Shin-Shorsu dialect. Speakers are often bilingual or multilingual, having a good command of the Azeri, Lezgian and/or Russian languages. The literary version of the language remains in the process of development. In the Rutul-populated regions of southern Russia, Rutulian is taught in primary schools (grades 1 to 4).
Phonology
Vowels +Vowel phonemesG. X. Ibragimov. 2004. Rutul'skij Jazyk. Machacala: Maxačkala: Dagestanskij Gosudarstvennyj Pedagogičeskij Universitet.FrontCentralBackClose Mid Open
Consonants +Consonant phonemesLabialDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarUvularPharyn-gealGlottalplainlab. plain lab.plainlab.plainlab. Nasal Plosive voiced voiceless ejective Affricate voiced voiceless ejective Fricativevoiceless () voiced () Trill Approximant
Writing Before the Russian Revolution, the Rutulians used the Arabic script. In the Arabic script (Ajami), as a written source, the text of the song in the Ikhrek dialect of the Rutulian language of the ashug of the 18th century Kur Rajaba is known. In 1913, Adolf Dirr created a Cyrillic-based alphabet for Rutulian. The modern Rutulian alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced in 1990.Джамалов К. Э., Маамыдова С. М. Алифба: 1-классад китаб. МагьаӀджкъала, 1992 Arabic was used, among other things, when writing scientific papers. Turkish (Azerbaijani) was also used in everyday life. The founders of the Rutulian script and the compilers of the Rutulian alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet are S.M. Makhmudova,Рутульская и агульская литература K.E. Jamalov, G.K. Ibragimov.http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/society/v_makhachkale_sostoitsya_meropriyatie_posvyashchennoe_90_letiyu_izvestnogo_rossiyskogo_filologa_garuna_ibragimova/ В Махачкале состоится мероприятие, посвященное 90-летию известного российского филолога Гаруна Ибрагимова In 1992 prof. Makhmudova S. M. and Jamalov K. E. published an ABC book in Rutulian for grade 1 students - “Alifba: 1-classad kitab”. In this edition, in addition to the previously adopted alphabet, the digraph Дз дз was introduced. After that, three more school textbooks of the Rutulian language were published: (grades 2 and 4), Recipes by S. M. Makhmudova and by E. Ismailova. In 2012-2013 a textbook on the Rutul language for universities was published: Grammar of the Rutulian language, Part 1-2 by S. M. Makhmudova. In 2006, Dzhamalov K. E. and Semedov S. A. released a Rutulian-Russian dictionary (Ihrek dialect) In this edition, the letter Ь ь was excluded from the alphabet, but Аь аь was included. In 2019, the Rutulian-Russian dictionary by A. S. Alisultanov and T. A. Suleimanova was published.
The Rutulians have a rich literature dating back to the 11th century with the name of Zeinab Hinavi, an Albanian poet. The classic of Rutulian, Lezgin and Azerbaijani poetry is the eighteenth-century ashug Kur-Rajab. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Rutulian literature was developed and developed by Jameseb Salarov, Nurakhmed Ramazanov, Magomed Ulileev, Musa Makhmudov, Ezerchi, Yusif Medzhidov, Sakit Kurbanov, Shafi Ibragimov, Veysal Cherkezov and others. In 2008, the first generalizing work "Rutulian literature" was published, which provides information about Rutulian writers, poets and ashugs.
The writing system for the Rutulians of Azerbaijan was developed in 2013 based on the dialect of the village of Şin. When developing this alphabet, it was proposed to write the pharyngealized vowel with the letter ı;. The authors of the alphabet also proposed a more logically consistent system for denoting velar consonants, but it was rejected as not coinciding with the system adopted in the Azerbaijani alphabet. The Rutulian alphabet in Azerbaijan includes the following letters:
+Latin-based Rutulian AlphabetA aAӀ aӀB bC cÇ çÇʼ çʼD dE eӘ әF fG gGʼ gʼGh ghĞ ğH hX xXh xhI ıIӀ ıӀİ iJ jK kKʼ kʼQ qQʼ qʼQh qhL lM mN nO oP pPʼ pʼR rS sŞ şT tTʼ tʼTs tsTsʼ tsʼU uÜ üUӀ uӀV vY yZ zʼ
+Cyrillic-based Rutulian AlphabetА аАӀ аӀБ бВ вГ гГъ гъГь гьГӀ гӀД дЕ еЁ ёДж джЖ жДз дзЗ зИ иЙ йК кКъ къКь кьКӀ кӀЛ лМ мН нО оП пПӀ пӀР рС сТ тТӀ тӀУ уУь уьУӀ уӀФ фХ хХъ хъХь хьЦ цЦӀ цӀЧ чЧӀ чӀШ шЩ щЪ ъЫ ыЫӀ ыӀЬ ьЭ эЮ юЯ я
Comparison chart
IPACyrillicLatinIPACyrillicLatinɑA aA aoО оO oɑˤАӀ аӀAӀ aӀpП пP pæАь аьƏ əp'ПӀ пӀP' p'bБ бB brР рR rʋВ вV vsС сS sgГ гG gtТ тT thГь гьH ht'ТӀ тӀT' t'ʁГъ гъĞ ğuУ уU uɣГӀ гӀGh ghyУь уьÜ üdД дD duˤУӀ уӀUӀ uӀd͡ʒДж джC cfФ фF feЕ еE eχХ хX xʒЖ жJ jxХь хьXh xhzЗ зZ zqХъ хъQh qhiИ иİ it͡sЦ цTs tsjЙ йY yt͡s'ЦӀ цӀTs' ts'kК кK kt͡ʃЧ чÇ çq'Кь кьQ' q't͡ʃ'ЧӀ чӀÇ' ç'ɢКъ къQ qʃШ шŞ şk'КӀ кӀK' k'ʔЪ ъ'lЛ лL lɨЫ ыI ımМ мM mɨˤЫӀ ыӀIӀ ıӀnН нN n
Grammar
Case Typical of Northeast Caucasian languages, Rutul has an ergative-absolutive case system, with 6 grammatical cases and a series of 12 spatial cases.
The grammatical cases are the absolutive (sometimes called the nominative), ergative, genitive, dative, comparative, and comitative. Cases are realized as suffixes, either attached directly to the noun or to the oblique stem. The oblique stem (which typically coincides with the ergative case) is used as a base on which to add additional inflectional suffixes. +Case Endings in RutulNominative-ØErgative-a, -e, -ra, -reGenitive-d, -diDative-zComparative-qaʔComitative-xʷan The absolutive case is primarily used to denote the subject of an intransitive verb, the patient of a transitive verb, or the stimulus of a perception verb.
The ergative case is used to mark agents of transitive verbs, a causing force, or the mobile participant of the verb 'to fill'.
The genitive case primarily denotes possession, although it can be used to describe other relations, like the material of an object. The genitive suffix is identical to the attributive suffix. The comparative case handles comparisons, and can also be used for exchanged items.
See also Rutulians Northeast Caucasian languages Languages of Azerbaijan
References
External links
Rutul dictionary online (select simple or advanced browsing) Appendix:Cyrillic script Folk Songs and Dances of the Rutuls of Azerbaijan Rutul basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database (3 Rutul dialects: Mukhad, Ixrek, Luchek)