Legislative elections were held in Israel on 30 June 1981 to elect the 120 members of the Knesset. The ruling Likud won one more seat than the opposition Alignment, in line with many polls which had predicted a tight race. Voter turnout was 78.5%, with Likud receiving around ten thousand more than the Alignment. This elections highlighted the polarization in the country.

Background Prior to the elections, Menachem Begin's government faced instability due to internal conflict amongst coalition partners and international pressures, as well as issues with corruption, and failure to pass legislation. Discontent with the government was growing, and 40% of people agreed that "the major problems facing the state and the entire political system must be changed and a strong government of leaders and independent of parties should take control".Hasin, E. (1981). Survey conducted by M. Zemach. January 1981, quoted in "The Israeli Democracy: The Beginning of the End?" Monition 30:73-75.

Parliament factions

The table below lists the parliamentary factions at the end of the 9th Knesset. Name Ideology Symbol Leader 1977 resultSeats at 1981dissolution Votes (%) Seats Likud National liberalism Menachem Begin33.4% Alignment Social democracyLabor Zionism Shimon Peres24.6% Democratic Movement Liberalismdissolved Yigael Yadin11.6% Shinui LiberalismCentrism Amnon Rubinstein Ahva Liberalism did not run Shlomo Eliahu Ya'ad Liberalism Assaf Yaguri Mafdal Religious Zionism Yosef Burg9.2% Hadash CommunismSocialism Meir Vilner4.6% Agudat Yisrael Religious conservatism Yehuda Meir Abramowicz3.3% Telem Centrism Moshe Dayan- Tehiya UltranationalismRevisionist Zionism Yuval Ne'emanGeula Cohen- Development and Peace Right-wing populism Shmuel Flatto-Sharon2.0% Shlomtzion Liberal conservatism Ariel Sharon1.9% One Israel Liberal conservatism Yitzhak Yitzhaky Sheli SocialismPacifism Meir Pa'il1.6% United Arab List Arab satellite list Seif el-Din el-Zoubi1.4% Poalei Agudat Yisrael Religious conservatism Kalman Kahana1.3% Ratz ProgressivismSecularism Shulamit Aloni1.2% Independent Liberals Liberalism Gideon Hausner1.2% Unity Party Socialism Saadia Marciano- Independent - - --

Electoral system

The 120 seats in the Knesset were elected by closed list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the D'Hondt method. This led to numerous parties winning seats and multi-party government coalitions.

Campaign Since 1965 parties had begun abandoning attempts to frame moral issues in favor of spreading wider nets to catch a bigger range of voters. Rather than focusing on controversial issues that divided them, parties took to forming clusters that resorted to "emotive catchwords" and the lowest common denominator. The party clusters had set aside fundamental ideals in order to work together, which meant that infighting amongst the coalitions was inevitable.

Menachem Begin, Likud's most popular candidate, served as a strong factor for the party's resurgence. 41% of the adult Jews responded in favor of seeing Begin as prime minister, with 49% saying Begin would better be able to deal with the country's problems.Survey by Dahaf Research Institute, June 1981, N=1237 The Alignment, whose announcement of potential major ministerial appointments failed to include Yitzhak Rabin, left the impression of a power-hungry group of politicians, with animosity between party leaders Shimon Peres and Rabin.

Public perception of the parties became instrumental in the elections; throughout the campaign the Alignment was seen and painted as the establishment party, considered by 48% of Israeli citizens surveyed to be more old-fashioned, despite its opposition to the government for the four years prior. The Alignment was also seen as self-interested by rather than interested in the good of the people, as well as corrupt. Likud, meanwhile, was seen as slightly stronger (50% as compared with the Alignment's 44%), more honest (57%), and more concerned with the fate of the citizens than that of the party (45%). Likud was able to benefit from having only been created 8 years prior, giving it an image of newness and innocence.

Public perception of the partiesCharacteristicIdealAlignmentLikudStrong/weak93/9244/3350/33Right/left55/1328/4077/7Old-fashioned/progressive15/6148/2642/31Middle class/working class28/3227/4255/14Young/old52/1017/5128/35Sephardi/Ashkenazi11/116/4718/25Worries about itself/the citizens3/8943/3731/45Inexperienced/experienced4/864/7945/38Honest/corrupt35/3957/18Cannot/can be believed36/4232/48 Ethnic tensions The 1981 elections also saw a rise in the use of ethnic ideas within the political discourse. Hanna Herzog, 'The Ethnic Lists to the Delegates' Assembly and the Knesset (1920 1977) Ethnic Political Identity?' Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tel Aviv University, 1981. — Related published work: While Likud and the Alignment were both led by Ashkenazi politicians, the Alignment was considered the party of the Ashkenazi Jews, with the Sephardic vote lost to Likud. The likelihood of Sephardim voting for Likud and Ashkenazim voting for the Alignment was more pronounced than ever before. However, Likud enjoyed the advantage of still being able to appeal to a significant number of Ashkenazi voters, while also maintaining their Sephardi popularity; in contrast, the Alignment was seen as even less Sephardi than in previous years.

Ethnicity was a key theme in Begin's . He praised pre-state militants from Middle Eastern backgrounds, including one who played a role in the King David Hotel bombing. The most famous line: "They fastened the grenade to their hearts, and they pulled the pin. An Ashkenazi Jew? An Iraqi Jew? They were Jews! Brothers! Warriors!" referred to two of the Olei Hagardom who killed themselves in a Jerusalem prison in 1947.

Conduct Police noted before election day that "there hasn't been an election campaign in Israel as violent as the present one". Salpeter, Eliahu. "A Scary Face in the Mirror." Haaretz, 19 June 1981, p.14. A reason for the violence may have been that this was the first elections in which the public believed both sides had a chance of winning, causing unrest and agitation.

Party slogans Party or allianceOriginal sloganEnglish translationLikud"Likud is on the right track"Alignment"Together Israel is strong"Mafdal"I'm with the knitted [kippah]"Hadash"Cast your vote for Hadash – cast your vote for dialogue and peace"Tehiya"Raising the flag in the KnessetSheli"Courage in war - courage for peace!"Ratz"I'm running [Ratz] now"Tami"Stand up straight!"

Results Scholars attribute the Likud's comeback, from its lowest point six months prior to the 1981 legislative election, to five main factors: incumbency, candidates, images, campaigns, violence, and ethnicity. Likud's role as the ruling party enabled the party to use its incumbency advantage to increase popularity with policy implementation. The party implemented tax programs that lowered prices for consumers, subsidized oil products at a higher rate than ever before, and used foreign policy that made the Alignment seem unpatriotic if they argued against the moves.

Aftermath Menachim Begin (of the Likud) became Prime Minister and in August 1981 included the National Religious Party, Agudat Yisrael, the Movement for the Heritage of Israel (Tami) and Tehiya in his coalition to form the nineteenth government. After Begin resigned for health reasons, Yitzhak Shamir formed the twentieth government in October 1983, with the same coalition parties.

During the Knesset term, two MKs defected from Likud to the Alignment. Haim Drukman left the National Religious Party and sat as an independent MK, whilst two other MKs left the National Religious Party and formed Gesher – Zionist Religious Centre before returning two weeks later. Telem split into Ometz and the Movement for the Renewal of Social Zionism, whilst Ratz joined the Alignment but then broke away again.

See also 1980 Israeli Labor Party leadership election – famous speech from the 1981 election. – anti-Mizrahi slur from the speech.

Notes

References Citations

Sources

External links Historical overview of the Tenth Knesset Knesset Factional and Government Make-Up of the Tenth Knesset Knesset