Input/output (I/O) scheduling is the method that computer operating systems use to decide in which order I/O operations will be submitted to storage volumes. I/O scheduling is sometimes called disk scheduling.
Purpose I/O scheduling usually has to work with hard disk drives that have long access times for requests placed far away from the current position of the disk head (this operation is called a seek). To minimize the effect this has on system performance, most I/O schedulers implement a variant of the elevator algorithm that reorders the incoming randomly ordered requests so the associated data would be accessed with minimal head movement.
I/O schedulers can have many purposes depending on the goals; common purposes include the following To minimize time wasted by hard disk seeks To prioritize a certain processes' I/O requests To give a share of the disk bandwidth to each running process To guarantee that certain requests will be issued before a particular deadline
Disciplines Common scheduling disciplines include the following: Random scheduling (RSS) First In, First Out (FIFO), also known as First Come First Served (FCFS) Last In, First Out (LIFO) Shortest seek first, also known as Shortest Seek / Service Time First (SSTF) Elevator algorithm, also known as SCAN (including its variants, C-SCAN, LOOK, and C-LOOK) N-Step-SCAN SCAN of N records at a time FSCAN, N-Step-SCAN where N equals queue size at start of the SCAN cycle mClock scheduler In Linux kernel: anticipatory (until 2.6.32) noop (until 4.20) 🠊 none (since 4.11) deadline (until 4.20) 🠊 mq-deadline (since 4.11) cfq (Completely Fair Queuing) (until 4.20) 🠊 bfq (Budget Fair Queueing) (since 4.12) kyber (since 4.12)
See also Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ) Native Command Queuing (NCQ)
References
Further reading Linux kernel docs: Block Subsystem Linux I/O schedulers, from Ubuntu Wiki Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces, by Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau and Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau. Arpaci-Dusseau Books, 2014. Relevant chapter: Hard Disk Drives Love, R. (2005). Linux Kernel Development, Novell Press. Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, seventh edition, by William Stallings.
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