In aerospace engineering, an aircraft's fuel fraction, fuel weight fraction, or a spacecraft's propellant fraction, is the weight of the fuel or propellant divided by the gross take-off weight of the craft (including propellant):

The fractional result of this mathematical division is often expressed as a percent. For aircraft with external drop tanks, the term internal fuel fraction is used to exclude the weight of external tanks and fuel.

Fuel fraction is a key parameter in determining an aircraft's range, the distance it can fly without refueling. Breguet’s aircraft range equation describes the relationship of range with airspeed, lift-to-drag ratio, specific fuel consumption, and the part of the total fuel fraction available for cruise, also known as the cruise fuel fraction, or cruise fuel weight fraction.

In this context, the Breguet range is proportional to

Fighter aircraft

At today’s state of the art for jet fighter aircraft, fuel fractions of 29 percent and below typically yield subcruisers; 33 percent provides a quasi–supercruiser; and 35 percent and above are needed for useful supercruising missions. The U.S. F-22 Raptor’s fuel fraction is 29 percent,8200/27900 = 0.29 Eurofighter is 31 percent, both similar to those of the subcruising F-4 Phantom II, F-15 Eagle and the Russian Mikoyan MiG-29 "Fulcrum". The Russian supersonic interceptor, the Mikoyan MiG-31 "Foxhound", has a fuel fraction of over 45 percent.The F-22 Program FACT VERSUS FICTION by Everest E. Riccioni, Col. USAF, Ret. The Panavia Tornado had a relatively low internal fuel fraction of 26 percent, and frequently carried drop tanks.

Civilian Aircraft

Airliners have a fuel fraction of less than half their takeoff weight, between 26% for medium-haul to 45% for long-haul. Model (t) (t) OEWFraction Fuelcapacity (t) Fuelfraction PayloadMax. (t) Payloadfraction Airbus A380 575.0 .0 % 254.0 % 84.0 % Boeing 777-300ER 351.5 167.8 % 145.5 % 69.9 %Boeing 777F347.8144.441.5%145.541.8%102.929.6% Boeing 777-200LR 347.5 145.2 % 145.5 % 64.0 %Boeing 767-300F186.986.146.1%73.439.3%54.028.9% Airbus A350-1000 322.0 155.0 48.1% 124.7 38.7% 67.3 20.9% Airbus A350-900 283.0 142.4 50.3% 110.5 39.0% 53.3 18.8%Airbus A350F319.0131.741.3%131.741.3%111.034.8% Boeing 787-9 254.7 128.8 50.6% 101.5 39.9% 52.6 % Airbus A330-300 242.0 129.4 53.5% 109.2 % 45.6 18.8% Airbus A330-200 242 120.6 49.8% 109.2 % 49.4 20.4%Airbus A330-200F233109.447.0%109.246.9%68.629.4% Boeing 787-8 227.9 120.0 % 101.3 % 41.1 18.0% Airbus A320ceo 79 % 23.3 % 20 % Boeing 737-800 79 41.4 % 20.9 % 21.3 % Bombardier CS300 70.9 37.1 52.3% 17.3 24.4% 18.7 26.4% Bombardier CS100 63.1 35.2 55.3% 17.5 27.7% 15.1 23.9%McDonnell Douglas MD-11F286.0112.739.4%117.441.0%92.032.2%Ilyushin IL-76TD-90VD195.092.547.4%90.046.2%50.025.6%Boeing 747-8F447.7197.144.0%181.640.6%132.629.6%Concorde185.178.742.5%95.751.7%12.76.9%Virgin Atlantic Globalflyer10.11.616.1%8.482.9%0.11.0%

General aviation

The Rutan Voyager took off on its 1986 around-the-world flight at 72 percent, the highest figure ever at the time. Steve Fossett's Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer could attain a fuel fraction of nearly 83 percent, meaning that it carried more than five times its empty weight in fuel.

See also Mass ratio

References