The Dongfeng 4 () is a type of diesel–electric locomotive which is used in the People's Republic of China. The DF4 began trial production in 1969 at the Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works (CRRC Dalian), before entering batch production in July 1974. The DF4 is part of a larger series of Dongfeng electric-drive diesel locomotives, which began with the Dongfeng in 1958, and includes the subsequent models numbered DF2 through DF11. The Dongfeng type locomotive was the first domestically manufactured AC-DC electric transmission diesel locomotive in China. According to a statement by the National Railway Administration of China in 2024, the DF4 is set to operate on China Railways until 2035.National Railway Administration 国家铁路局. (2024). 国家铁路局关于印发《老旧型铁路内燃机车淘汰更新监督管理办法》的通知 (Notice of the National Railway Administration on Issuing the "Supervision and Management Measures for the Elimination and Renewal of Old-Type Railway Diesel Locomotives"). 国铁设备监规, 24, 00014345/2024-00014. https://web.archive.org/web/20251105070051/https://www.nra.gov.cn/xxgk/gkml/ztjg/gfzd/gfxw/zuti/other/202409/t20240929_346929.shtml

Predecessor Models ND-Dongfeng Diesel Locomotive The initial development of the Dongfeng 4 diesel locomotive began with the earlier ND or Julong (巨龙, Giant Dragon) locomotive prototype. The ND, alongside the NY1, were designed and trial produced by Soviet-trained technicians from the Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works (CRRC Dalian) between 1956 and 1957. These two models were based on the Soviet TE3 DC electric-diesel locomotive, which was first introduced in 1953. These locomotives featured a 10-cylinder opposed piston engine called the 10E207. The 10E207 engine was a copy of the Soviet 2D100 engine design which itself was a replica of the American Fairbanks-Morse 38 8-1/8 engine.

In August 1966, as per the instructions of the state operated Ministry of Railways, the ND-type diesel locomotives were renamed to "Dongfeng," (东风) meaning "East Wind," following a larger shift towards revolutionary names across Chinese society during the Cultural Revolution. The name change of the ND was first implemented with the locomotive car number ND-0025 and soon would be seen across all post-1966 ND-type locomotives. Dongfeng-1201 was the first official locomotive to be manufactured under the name. DF-1656 and DF-1657 were then the first of the fleet to be converted to passenger service.“客运东风型内燃机车运行试验情况介绍.” (Overview of Operational Testing of the Dongfeng Passenger Diesel Locomotive) in 内燃机车 (Diesel Locomotive), no. 6 (大连: 大连机车研究所, 1972) In 1972, alongside further testing of the 16V240J engine, the 12V180, 12V240, and 16V200 diesel engines were also trial produced for application in domestic locomotive development.

The Dongfeng locomotive had a nominal power of 1500kW and a maximum speed of 100km per hour. The Dongfeng also had a Co-Co axle arrangement and a DC-DC electric transmission.

Dongfeng 2 Originally labelled as the ND2, the Dongfeng 2 diesel locomotive was China's first move into the manufacturing of shunting diesel locomotives. It began development by the Qishuyan Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works (CRRC Qishuyan) in 1964, based on the design of the first Dongfeng model. The DF2 was trial run on May 1, 1967.“东风2增3251内燃机车试制成功.” (Dongfeng 2+3251 diesel locomotive successfully trial-produced) in 火车头 (Locomotive), no. 6, (大连: 大连机车研究所, 1964) pp. 45.

Dongfeng 3 The design of the Dongfeng 3 is near identical to that of the original ND-Dongfeng type locomotive, with only a minor difference in gear ratio from 4.41 to 3.38 and a nominal power reduction to 1050kW.“客运东风型内燃机车运行试验情况介绍.” (Overview of Operational Testing of the Dongfeng Passenger Diesel Locomotive) in 内燃机车 (Diesel Locomotive), no. 6 (大连: 大连机车研究所, 1972) Running alongside the later DF4, the DF3 operated on China Railway's mainline for both passenger and freight trains.

Dongfeng 4 The Dongfeng 4 diesel locomotive is a high-power diesel locomotive that began trial production at the Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works in 1969 and entered mainline production in 1974. The first 108 DF4 locomotives were built using the 16V240ZJ engine, a design introduced by the Soviets and adapted from American blueprints. The DF4 underwent several redevelopment phases before the finalized DF4B was introduced in 1982.Li Binghua 李炳华, “东风 4 系列机车的研制与发展” (Research and Development of Dongfeng 4 Series Locomotives) in 内燃机车 (Diesel Locomotive), no. 3, (大连: 大连机车研究所, 1995) In 1972, alongside further testing of the 16V240J engine, the 12V180, 12V240, and 16V200 diesel engines were also trial produced for application in domestic locomotive development."交通部内燃机车会战座谈会议纪要.” (Minutes of the Symposium on the Construction of Diesel Locomotives by the Ministry of Transport) in 内燃机车 (Diesel Locomotive), no. 1, (大连: 大连机车研究所, 1973) There are multiple other derivative sub-models of the DF4, including the DF4C and DF4E. The standard DF4 was used for China Railway's mainline passenger and freight operations. The locomotive had a top speed of 120 km/h and a power output of 2650kW. The DF4 uses standard gauge and has a Co-Co axel arrangement.

Few of the early series DF4 are still in operation. The first operational DF4 is a permanent exhibition at the Beijing Railway Museum and remembered for its all-female crew.Ji Lijun 纪丽君. “东风4 (DF4) 型0001号内燃机车” (Dongfeng 4 [DF4] Diesel Locomotive No. 0001). In 图说中国铁道博物馆珍贵文物 (Illustrated Treasures of the China Railway Museum), vol. 1. 北京: 中国铁道出版社, 2014, pp. 40–43.

Derivative Models DF4A The DF4A began production in 1976 with locomotive number 0109 and continued to be manufactured until 1984. The DF4A is an unofficial designation of the DF4 locomotive that uses a revised 16V20ZJ engine. There is no visible indicator to differentiate the DF4 and DF4A as the use of the 16V20ZJA engine is the only thing that distinguishes the two models. Specification Details Series DF4A Builder CRRC Dalian; CRRC Ziyang Years 1973–1984 Fleet Numbers 0109–0770 (F) 2001–2031 (P) Top speed 120 km/h Gauge 1435 mm UIC classification Co'Co' Prime mover 16V240ZJ Length 21.1 m Width 3.31 m Height 4.75 m Weight 138 t Axle load 23 t Power output 2650 kW Tractive effort 328 kN

DF4B

The DF4B was the first officially designated DF4 model upgrade. The DF4B could be seen in 3 color variants: green, blue, and orange. These locomotives were colloquially nicknamed "Watermelon" (西瓜), "Officer" (武警), and "Orange" (橘子). The "Watermelon" and "Officer" were used for freight traffic, while "Oranges" (DF4 2000 series) were manufactured with an alternate gear ratio for increased operation speed and were for passenger use. Beyond colorways, the DF4B were similar to the standard DF4, apart from an improved 16V240ZJB engine and, in some instances, modified engine inlet filters. Production of the DF4B began in Dalian in 1984 and was the most common of the Dongfeng series. Specification Details Series DF4B Builder CRRC Dalian; CRRC Datong; CRRC Sifang; CRRC Ziyang Year 1982 Fleet Numbers 1001–1999, 6001–6587, 7001–7800, 9001–9702 (F)

2101 - 2685 (P) Top speed 120 km/h Gauge 1435 mm UIC classification Co'Co' Prime mover 16V240ZJB Length 21.1 m Width 3.31 m Height 4.75 m Weight 138 t Axle load 23 t Power output 2650 kW Tractive effort 328 kN

DF4C

The DF4C's intended purpose was to replace the DF4B as the main diesel locomotive in China and comes with several improvements, including a new engine revision (16240ZJC). The first DF4C was produced in 1985 and batch production started four years later, in 1989, and lasted until roughly the end of the 20th century. The first two DF4C (4001 and 4002) produced in 1985 continued the use of the DF4B hull. A new hull design is applied for the batch-produced configuration.

The DF4C comes in a different color scheme than the previous DF4's, namely dark blue and later light blue and beige. The passenger version, informally called DF4CK, has an A1A-A1A wheel arrangement.

Specification Details Series DF4C Builder CRRC Dalian; CRRC Datong; CRRC Sifang; CRRC Ziyang Years 1985–1999 Fleet Numbers 0001–0040, 4001–4465, 5001–5273 (F) 4466, 5274–5275 (P) Top speed 100 km/h Gauge 1435 mm UIC classification Co'Co' Prime mover 16V240ZJC Length 21.1 m Width 3.31 m Height 4.75 m Weight 138 t Axle load 23 t Power output 2650 kW Tractive effort 328 kN

DF4D

The DF4D, the most recent DF4 revision, has been produced since 1996 with the 16V240ZJD engine. The passenger versions increased top speed to or . The freight version comes in a different color scheme than the previous DF4Ds, namely green (7000 Series) and later light blue (4000 Series) and yellow. The green version sat on radial bogies but later converted to standard bogies. Their top speed to 100 km/h (62 mph). DF4D-7000 series are configured with shorter hull compared to standard DF4D series. he DF4DJ, originally DF4DAC, of which only 2 were built had AC drive technology supplied by Siemens. They were China's first AC drive diesel locomotive.东风4DJ型(DF4DJ) (Dongfeng 4DJ type (DF4DJ) ), www.trainfanz.comAC diesels roll out 1 August 2000, www.railwaygazette.com东风4DJ型交流传动内燃机车 Dongfeng 4DJ AC drive diesel locomotive, www.chinacnr.comDiesel–Electric Locomotive DF 4DAC Prototype www.siemens.cz

The DF4DJ, originally DF4DAC, of which only 2 were built, had AC drive technology supplied by Siemens. They were China's first AC drive diesel locomotive.东风4DJ型(DF4DJ) (Dongfeng 4DJ type (DF4DJ) ), www.trainfanz.comAC diesels roll out 1 August 2000, www.railwaygazette.com东风4DJ型交流传动内燃机车 Dongfeng 4DJ AC drive diesel locomotive, www.chinacnr.comDiesel–Electric Locomotive DF 4DAC Prototype www.siemens.cz

The DF4DD was a road switcher version of the DF4 with side walkways and a full-body cab similar to modern American locomotives. The type was the most powerful road switcher class in China until the introduction of the HXN3B and HXN5B classes. Specification Details Series DF4D, DF4DJ, DF4DD, DF4DF Builder CRRC Dalian Years 1996–2018 Fleet Numbers DF4D 0001–0240, 0243–0347, 0353–0529 (P)

0241–0242, 0348, 1893, 4001–4354,

7001–7012 (F)

DF4D 3001–3340 (HS)

DF4DJ 0001–0002

DF4DD 0030, 0029, 1001–1029, 4180–4187

DF4DF 0349–0352, 0530–0531, 4034–4169 Top speed 145 km/h Gauge 1435 mm UIC classification Co'Co' Prime mover 16V240ZJD/ZJE/ZJF Length 21.1 m Width 3.31 m Height 4.75 m Weight 138 t Power output 2940 kW

DF4E The DF4E is a 2 unit locomotive of total power 4.86MW (2x2.43MW)东风4E型(DF4E)内燃机车 (Dongfeng 4E-type (DF4E) Diesel Locomotive), www.tieliu.com Specification Details Series DF4E Builder CRRC Sifang Years 1994–1997 Fleet Numbers 0001–0016 Top speed 100 km/h Gauge 1435 mm (standard gauge) UIC classification C-C+C-C Prime mover 16V240ZJB (×2) Length 41.3 m Weight 304 t Axle load 25 t Power output 4860 kW Tractive effort 870 kN

Technical Features Overall Layout

The Dongfeng 4 locomotive uses an AC-DC diesel-electric transmission, in which a diesel engine drives an alternator that supplies electricity to traction motors mounted on the train bogies. The locomotive body is divided into five sections: two driver's cabs, an electric equipment compartment, a central engine room, and a cooling equipment compartment. The locomotive has walkways along the sides of the internal compartments for maintenance access. Interior bulkheads separate the cab, engine room, and electrical equipment areas to reduce noise and limit the risk of fire. The DFs were intended to be used in pairs so that the train could operate bi-directionally. However, Dongfeng locomotives often worked individually, using the pre-existing steam locomotive infrastructure, such as wyes, to operate.“东风4型内燃机车(上).” (Dongfeng-4 diesel locomotive (Part 1))in 内燃机车 (Diesel Locomotive), vol. 5, (大连: 大连机车研究所, 1975) pp. 1–41

Driver's Compartment