The Negro Ensemble Company (NEC) was a New York City-based theater company and workshop established in 1967 by producer-actor Robert Hooks, playwright Douglas Turner Ward, and theater manager Gerald S. Krone,Genzlinger, Neil, "Gerald Krone, 86, Founder Of Negro Theater Troupe Dies at 86", The New York Times, New York Edition, Section D, p. 6, March 9, 2020. with funding from the Ford Foundation. The company's focus on original works with themes based in the black experience with an international perspective created a canon of theatrical works and an audience for writers who came later, such as August Wilson, Suzan-Lori Parks, and others.
Beginnings The Negro Ensemble Company was created in 1964 when Hooks created a tuition-free acting workshop for urban youth which he named the Group Theatre Workshop (GTW), in tribute to Harold Clurman's The Group Theatre. The group became a refuge for young minority actors, with a focus on black theatre. He and his associate Barbara Ann Teer produced in a one-night showcase for friends and family of the actors. The plays chosen were Gwendolyn Brooks's We Real Cool and Douglas Turner Ward's Happy Ending.
Jerry Tallmer, reviewer for the New York Post, happened to attend this showcase and gave it a glowing review.Jerry Tallmer, "Reading Between Races", The Villager, February 4, 2009. This inspired Hooks to produce Happy Ending and Ward's Day of Absence as a double bill presented by Robert Hooks Productions. After raising $35,000 from music executives Clarence Avant and Al Bell, Hooks booked the St. Mark's Playhouse (where many black performers had performed in the long-running show, The Blacks) and hired Gerald Krone as company manager.
Ward was invited by the New York Times to write an opinion piece for its Sunday edition on the state of black theatre. His piece, "American Theatre: For Whites Only?", published in August 1966, was a scathing indictment of America's theatre establishment and posited the need for a unique black theatre institution."Negro Ensemble Company records, 1967–1993", Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library. This article caused McNeil Lowery of the Ford Foundation contact Ward to set up a meeting with Ward, Hooks, and Krone."Top Down: The Ford Foundation, Black Power, and the Reinvention of Racial Liberalism", Karen Ferguson, 2013 University of Pennsylvania.Neil Genzlinger, "Gerald Krone, a Negro Ensemble Company Founder, Dies at 86", The New York Times, February 28, 2020. Invited to present a proposal, they came with a bid for an ensemble company much like Bertolt Brecht's Berliner Ensemble. The concept of a true ensemble company (a nucleus of actors performing a roster of plays back-to-back within each season) was uncommon in American theatre. A theatre based on the black experience, created and staffed by black artists, was even more of a departure. In the legacy of the Group Theatre Workshop, this new theatre incorporated a workshop providing tuition-free acting, directing, writing, and theatre administration instruction, which was intended to raise a new generation of theatre professionals. The proposal was accepted and they were awarded a three-year, $1.5 million grant to establish the company.
Early controversy From the beginning, they resisted demands that the new company be located in Harlem and instead, sought out a space downtown where they could build on the existing theatre audience while cultivating an informed black theatre-going audience that hadn't previously existed on a significant scale. They chose the St. Mark's Playhouse primarily because of its flexible configuration.
During this era of Black Power, the decision to use the term "Negro", rather than the more current "Black", was controversial. The name was intended as a tribute to the Harlem Renaissance and the legacy of its artists (Langston Hughes, Zora Neal Hurston, Countee Cullen, Jessie Fauset, Claude McKay, Ethel Waters, etc.), some of whom were still alive and living in New York at the time. The term "New Negro", made popular by philosopher and journalist Alain Locke, was used during the Harlem Renaissance to invoke an outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit to the practices and laws of Jim Crow.
Krone, who was serving as administrative director for the company, was Caucasian, which caused some vocal protest from black nationalists."Negro Ensemble Company, The (1967–)", BlackPast.org."About the Negro Ensemble Co.", American Masters, August 18, 2004.
History Founding When introducing the Negro Ensemble Company, the three founders wanted to inform New York and the world that they were not "an exclusionary... but an inclusive... black theatre; an arts institution dedicated to discovering, nurturing and expanding a theatrical exploration of what it was to be black within a 'world view' perspective.""Not the Other Avant-Garde: The Transnational Foundations of Avant-Garde Performance", James M. Harding, John Rouse, University of Michigan Press. Part of this approach was to acknowledge that playwrights of many races, ethnicities, and nationalities had been, and currently, were writing about the experiences of Africans and African Americans, and about colonialism.
1967–1971 The first repertory season, 1967–1968, was not without controversy. The company presented Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Australian playwright Ray Lawler; Kongi's Harvest by Nigerian playwright Wole Soyinka, Daddy Goodness by Richard Wright, and as their first play, Song of the Lusitanian Bogey by Swedish-German playwright Peter Weiss. The Weiss play addresses the oppression of black people from an international perspective, set in colonized Angola. Some black activists protested, accusing NEC of taking "white money" and for producing the work of a white playwright. On one occasion, activists attempted to storm the theatre during a performance of the Weiss play. Soon afterward, the NEC production of Song of the Lusitanian Bogey in London created further controversy, where the company was heckled by right-wing protesters who resented the play's anti-imperialist message. Many of the plays produced by the Negro Ensemble Company dealt with complex, sometimes disturbing, and often ignored aspects of the black experience and the American experience. The company's nurturing of black playwrights (such as Lonne Elder III with Ceremonies in Dark Old Men and Charles Fuller with Zooman and The Sign) over four decades contributed to the body of plays and performance literature that form the backbone of the African-American theatrical canon.John J. O'Connor, "NY Times: Profile of Negro Ensemble Company", The New York Times, Sept. 14, 1987.
1972–1979 While the company often received glowing reviews, had sold-out audiences, and was producing some of the critically acclaimed theatre of the era, the early 1970s found the Negro Ensemble Company in financial trouble. The 145-seat theatre had become too small to generate the revenue needed for its ambitious projects. During the 1972-73 season, the resident company was disbanded, staff was cut, workshops were cancelled, and salaries were deferred. The decision was made to produce only one new play per year.
The play chosen that year was The River Niger by Joseph A. Walker. A poetic play set in Harlem during the turbulent racial redefining of the 1970s, the work depicts the struggles of a proud black family divided between the past and the future. This was the first NEC production to transfer to Broadway, where it ran for nine months, won a Tony Award for Best Play, and embarked on a national tour. This helped to ensure the continued existence of the NEC.
1980s In July 1980, the NEC relocated to a new 299-seat home at Theatre Four at 424 West 55th Street, where it would remain until 1991. In 1981, the NEC presented what would be its most successful production. A Soldier's Play by Charles Fuller is the story of the murder of a black soldier on a Southern army base during World War II, and the subsequent investigation by a black army captain. It examines black pride and black self-hatred, and won both the Pulitzer Prize and the New York Drama Critics Circle Best Play awards. The original cast included Adolph Caesar, Denzel Washington, Samuel L. Jackson, Brent Jennings, Steven Anthony Jones, Charles Brown, Larry Riley, Peter Friedman, Cotter Smith, James Pickens Jr., Eugene Lee, and Stephen Zettler. In 1984, it was made into a movie, featuring several original cast members and NEC alumni (notably Adolph Caesar, Denzel Washington, and David Alan Grier). The film of A Soldier's Story was nominated for three Academy Awards.
Dissolution and NEC, Inc. controversy In 1993, the Negro Ensemble Company's board voted to dissolve the company. In 2005, a restructured company was founded by alumna Charles Weldon as Artistic Director, under the banner of the Negro Ensemble Company, Inc. However, Weldon's entity was unrelated to the original institution or their members, operating without the involvement of Hooks, Krone, and Ward. In 2017, due to ongoing reckless misrepresentation, co-founder Douglas Turner Ward publicly disavowed the Negro Ensemble Company, Inc. in an open letter. Robert Hooks, the last surviving co-founder, has also withdrawn support for the tribute company and its attempts to trade on the NEC's storied legacy.
Major awards Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1982 – A Soldier’s Play
Tony Awards 1969 – Special Achievement 1973 – The River Niger
Obie Awards 1968 – Citation for Excellence 1971 – Dream on Monkey Mountain 1973 – The River Niger 1974 – The Great McDaddy 1975 – The First Breeze of Summer 1977 – Eden 1979 – Nevis Mountain Dew 1980 – Lagrima del Diablo 1981 – Zooman and The Sign 1981 – Sustained Achievement 1982 – A Soldier’s Play
Vernon Rice Drama Desk Award 1968 – Negro Ensemble Company 1969 – Ceremonies in Dark Old Men 1972 – Sty of the Blind Pig 1973 – The River Niger
Dramatists Guild Award 1976 – The First Breeze of Summer 1982 – A Soldier’s Play
New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award 1982 – A Soldier’s Play
American Theatre Wing Award 1983 – Negro Ensemble Company
Clarence Derwent Awards 1976 – The First Breeze of Summer 1982 – A Soldier’s Play
Audelco Award 1977 – Eden 1980 – Home
Margo Jones Award 1975 – The First Breeze of Summer
Outer Critics Circle Awards 1980 – Home 1982 – A Soldier’s Play
Eudora Welty Television Award 1978 – The First Breeze of Summer
James A. Vaughn Award for Excellence in American Theatre 1980 – Negro Ensemble Company
Premio Roma Award 1969 – Song of the Lusitanian Bogey
Manhattan Theatre Club Award 1982 – A Soldier’s Play
Brandeis University Creative Award 1970 – Negro Ensemble Company
New York State Arts Council Award 1976 – Negro Ensemble Company
Bronze Medallion of New York City 1977 – Negro Ensemble Company
New England Theatre Conference Special Award 1981 – Negro Ensemble Company
Original company
Norman Bush Rosalind Cash David Downing Frances Foster Arthur French Moses Gunn William Jay Judyann (Jonsson) Elder Denise Nicholas Esther Rolle Clarice Taylor Hattie Winston Allie Woods Production Stage Manager: Edmund Cambridge Stage Managers: Horacena J. Taylor, James S. Lucas, ‘Femi Sarah Heggie
Original staff
Acting: Paul Mann, Lloyd Richards, Ron Mack, Luther James, Edmund Cambridge Directing: Michael A. Schultz Playwriting: Lonne Elder III, Steve Carter, Gus Edwards Set design: Edward Burbridge Costuming: Gertha Brock Dance/choreography: Louis Johnson, Talley Beatty Vocal coach (for actors): Kristin Linklater Singing coach: Margaret Harris Theatre administration: Gerald S. Krone, Carolyn Jones, Fred Garrett
Notable alumni
David Ackroyd Mary Alice Debbie Allen John Amos Ethel Ayler Angela Bassett Paul Benjamin Earl Billings Avery Brooks Charles Brown Graham Brown Roscoe Lee Browne Arthur Burghardt Adolph Caesar L. Scott Caldwell Edmund Cambridge