Somali literature is the literature used by the ethnic Somalis of Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Kenya.
Somali poetry
Nation of Bards Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has also been called by, among others, the Canadian novelist and scholar Margaret Laurence, a "Nation of Poets" and a "Nation of Bards".Diriye, p. 75. The 19th-century British explorer Richard Francis Burton, who visited the Somali Peninsula, similarly recounts in his book First Footsteps in East Africa how:
According to Canadian novelist and scholar Margaret Laurence, who originally coined the term "Nation of Poets" to describe the Somali Peninsular, the Eidagale sub-section of the Garhajis clan were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:
Structure Somali poetry features obligatory alliteration, similar in some respects to the requirements of Germanic alliterative verse. There is a crucial distinction between the different forms of Somali poetry. The forms differ by number of syllables in each verse of poem.Ismaaciil Galaal, M., 1970. Stars, Seasons And Weather In Somali Pastoral Traditions. Looh Press, p.xix. Click
Form Syllables Metre Halaanhal 12 Oldest metre Gabay 14 to 16 Classical metre Geeraar 7 Classical metre Jiifto 7 Classical metre Heello 10 Hees-xoolaad (livestock-song) 4 to 5 Hees-cayaareed (dance-song) 6 to 11 Hees-caanood (milk-shaking song) 6 to 9 Hees-mooye (grinding-song) 6 Hees-carruureed (children-song) 8
Muhammad Abdullah Hassan Observing that "some say he was 'peerless' and his 'noble lines' .. are commonly quoted throughout the Somali peninsula", Samatar concurs with J. Spencer Trimingham's judgement that "Mahammad 'Abdille Hasan [Sayyid Abdullah Hassan] was a master of eloquence and excelled in the art of composing impromptu poems which so readily inspire and inflame the Somalis"—although Samatar dissents on its "impromptu" nature.Said S. Samatar, Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan (Cambridge: University Press, 1982), p. 187.
One of Hassan's well-known poems is Gaala Leged ("Defeat of the Infidels"):
English translation
To begin with, I had neglected poetry and had let it dry up I had sent it west in the beginning of the spring rains. But let me set forth what prevented me from sleeping last night
God's Blessing are more numerous than those growing trees. I will remind you of the victory he gave us Listen to me my council, for you are most dear to me
If the unwashed left handed one had died yesterday, if I had cut his throat- may he taste hell in the grave itself And the wild animals had eaten him, he and his ilk would deserve this
I would salute the hyena that would gorge itself on his flesh, as it's doing me a favor, it is dearer to me than any other animal of the wild. If could I would reward it every day
That deformed one wasted a lot of my wealth since he kept committing wrongs again and again I knew all along that the hyena would devour him
It was their insincere refusal to acknowledge the truth that put them down and destroyed them And made me attack their best man with a Dagger
If they had not become ungrateful, I would have not become enraged with them I would have not lost my generosity and respect for them I would have not have withheld anything from them, if they desired peace
But when they acted disdainfully, death marched straight at them
Elmi Boodhari
Elmi Boodhari differed from the poets of his generation in that he eschewed the popular theme of Tribal war and vengeance in Somali poetry, instead wholly focusing on love and composing all his poems for the woman he loved, Hodan Abdulle, which was seen as highly unconventional and scandalous at the time.
Author Mohamed Diiriye in his book Culture and Customs of Somalia, writes:
Among the poets of the past century, a poet who has gained the hearts of all Somalis in every district is Elmi Boodhari, many major poets such as Mohamed Abdallah Hassan and Abdi Gahayr, aroused resentment among some somalis, as they addressed diatribes against the members of a certain clan, or urged bloodletting; such poets are known as viper tongues, and the poems of such poets have been known to cause feuds and clan wars. But not so with Elmi Boodhari, his subject was romance and only that. While the poets of his day where addressing serious subjects such as war and feuds, Boodhari composed all of his poems for the lady of his affection Hodan, who was given in hand of marriage to a man much wealthier than him. Instead of getting literary kudos for his beautiful verse, Boodhari was made the object of public ridicule. Somali society had not been of course devoid of romance either in song or prose in any age, but to proclaim the object of ones love was frowned upon in the social mores of Somalis. A poem Elmi composed for Hodan:
She is altogether fair: Her fine-shaped bones begin her excellence; Magnificent of bearing, tall is she; A proud grace is her body's greatest splendor; Yet she is gentle, womanly, soft of skin. Her gums' dark gloss is like unto blackest ink; And a careless flickering of her slanted eyes Begets a light clear as the white spring moon. My heart leaps when I see her walking by, Infinite suppleness in her body's sway. I often fear that some malicious djinn May envy her beauty, and wish to do her harm.
— From "Qaraami" (Passion), as presented by Margaret Laurence in A Tree for Poverty.
Ali Bu'ul Ali Bu'ul (Cali Bucul) was a famous Somali poet and military leader from the 19th century renown for his geeraars. Geeraars are mostly used to praise the Horse, since horse stood central in a Somali pastoral life as a means of transportation and waging war. Equestrian poems were the hype before the early 20th century and many of the well known geeraars we know today come from Ali Bu'ul. He coined the term Guulwade, which Somalis still use up to this day and especially during Somalia's revolutionary council years
Here is an extract from one of his famous geeraar's Guulside (Victory-Bearer):
this particular poem alliterates echoing the horse's name. Another snippet from his other famous geeraar Amaan-Faras, In Praise of My Horse goes as follows:
Function in society As the Somali Studies doyen Said Sheikh Samatar explains, a Somali poet is expected to play a role in supporting his clan, "to defend their rights in clan disputes, to defend their honor and prestige against the attacks of rival poets, to immortalize their fame and to act on the whole as a spokesman for them."Samatar, Oral Poetry, p. 56. In short, a traditional poem is occasional verse composed to a specific end, with argumentative or persuasive elements, and having an historical context.
The veteran British anthropologist and Horn of Africa specialist I. M. Lewis recounts how in the latter days of the rule of General Muhammad Siad Barre, the political opposition often relied on oral poetry, either recorded on cassette tapes or broadcast through the Somali language service of the BBC, to voice their dissent. When the British considered closing the Somali language service down for financial reasons, a delegation of prominent Somali leaders met with the British, and argued that "much as they appreciated the ambassador personally, it would be better to close the British embassy rather than terminate the BBC broadcast!"I. M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 251.
Form The form of Somali verse is marked by hikaad (or alliteration) and an unwritten practice of meter.Samatar, Oral Poetry, p. 64.
Modern poetry Belwo Belwo or Balwo was a form of Somali poetry that focused on love and developed in the 1920s and reached its pinnacle during the 1940s. Pioneered by Abdi Sinimo with earlier progenitors such as Elmi Boodhari influencing this new style. Balwo in somali roughly translates to misfortune and these poems often but not always dealt with heartbreak or longing.
Abdi Sinimo had his truck break down in a desert stretch in Awdal on route to Djibouti these words came out of his mouth and birthed the new form
With some Belwos taking a more explicit tone, religious authorities would try to clamp down on Abdi and the new poetry that the youth were all composing. However, this failed and the style would soon move east from Borama to Hargeisa where Radio Hargeisa would give Belwo mass appeal amongst Somali youth and also incorporate critical new elements such as the oud and drum. Somali poets traditionally focused on the wit and spirit of a woman and this new shift to the physical was a paradigm change
This Belwo is a testament to its physical orientation on beauty
Heellooy Developed in Hargeisa and Mogadishu to be played on the radio stations Heellooy initially was a long series of short Balwo. These series were unrelated to one another then chained after their composition and performed with the oud and drums. Abdullahi Qarshe was the first to bring the oud to play alongside while reciting these poems and under him the Heellooy would transition to a series of related verses forming one long continuous song. This modern pattern would go on to form the outburst of oud & poetry in a single flowing composition that would see some of the greatest Somali artists such as Cumar Dhuule, Mohamed Mooge, Ahmed Naaji, Mohamed Sulayman Tubeec enhance this genre in subsequent decades.
Maay Poetry Af Maay is sometimes classified as a separate language from Af Maaha or the ubiquitously known 'Standard Somali'. The Rahanweyn clan are the predominant Maay speakers in Somalia. In southern Somalia the poet and reciter were generally one and the same. British ethnologist Virginia Luling noted during her visit to Afgooye that poetry was to be conceived and recited simultaneously with no prior preparation. The poets or Laashin relied on their wit and memory to construct beautiful poems and entertain the audience
Abubakr Goitow The poem The law then was not this law was performed by the leading Laashins of Afgooye, Hiraabey, Muuse Cusmaan and Abukar Cali Goitow alongside a few others, addressed to the current leader of Afgooye Sultan Subuge in 1989. It evoked the rich history of the Geledi and the past sultanate and the concerns the community of Afgooye had at the time.
Here the richest selection of the poem performed by Goitow
Folk literature
Somalis also have a rich oral tradition when it comes to ancient folktales, stories which were passed on from generation to generation. Many Somali folk tales of work and life are so old and ubiquitous their authorship is unknown. Tales such as Dhegdheer the cannibal woman were told to little children as a way to instill discipline in them since the dreaded Dhegdheer was said to pay a visit at night to all those who had been naughty. "Coldiid the wise warrior" is another popular Somali folktale with a positive message regarding a waranle (warrior) who avoids all forms of violence. For this abstinence, he is looked down upon by his peers. However, in the end, he manages to show that violence is no way to earn either respect or love. A Lion's tale is a popular children's book in the Somali diaspora wherein two Somali immigrant children struggle to adapt to life in a new environment. They find themselves surrounded by friends that strike them as greedy, only to magically return to Ancient Somalia where they live out all of the popular Somali folktales for themselves. A Lion's tale has also recently been developed into a school play.
Here a song a mother would sing to soothe her crying baby
Rain a critical part of pastoralist life was often subject to humour and many poetry revolved around roob or the rains.
In this poem young women call for rain and tease elderly men for their baldness
Old men would respond to the young girls with their own taunt