Events Pre-1600 394 – On the first day of the battle of Frigidus, the Western Roman troops of Arbogast manage to defend their positions against the Eastern Roman troops of emperor Theodosius I. 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu. 1234 – The Decretals of Gregory IX, a new canonical collection assembled by Raymond of Peñafort, are promulgated. 1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava 1590 – An army led by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma forces Henry IV of France to lift the siege of Paris.
1601–1900 1661 – Fall of Nicolas Fouquet: Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances is arrested in Nantes by D'Artagnan, captain of the king's musketeers. 1697 – War of the Grand Alliance: A French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville defeats an English squadron at the Battle of Hudson's Bay. 1698 – In an effort to Westernize his nobility, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a tax on beards for all men except the clergy and peasantry. 1725 – Wedding of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska. 1774 – First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia. 1781 – Battle of the Chesapeake in the American Revolutionary War: The British Navy is repelled by the French Navy, contributing to the British surrender at Yorktown. 1791 – Olympe de Gouges writes the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen. 1793 – French Revolution: The French National Convention initiates the Reign of Terror. 1798 – Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan law. 1812 – War of 1812: The Siege of Fort Wayne begins when Chief Winamac's forces attack two soldiers returning from the fort's outhouses. 1816 – Louis XVIII of France has to dissolve the Chambre introuvable ("Unobtainable Chamber"). 1836 – Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas. 1839 – The United Kingdom declares war on the Qing dynasty of China. 1862 – American Civil War: The Army of Northern Virginia crosses the Potomac River at White's Ford in the Maryland Campaign. 1877 – American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska. 1882 – The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City. 1887 – A fire at the Theatre Royal, Exeter kills 186, making it the UK's deadliest ever building fire.
1901–present 1905 – Russo-Japanese War: In New Hampshire, United States, the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, ends the war. 1914 – World War I: First Battle of the Marne begins. Northeast of Paris, the French attack and defeat German forces who are advancing on the capital. 1915 – The pacifist Zimmerwald Conference begins. 1932 – The French Upper Volta is broken apart between Ivory Coast, French Sudan, and Niger. 1937 – Spanish Civil War: Llanes falls to the Nationalists following a one-day siege. 1938 – Chile: A group of youths affiliated with the fascist National Socialist Movement of Chile are executed after surrendering during a failed coup. 1941 – Whole territory of Estonia is occupied by Nazi Germany. 1942 – World War II: Japanese high command orders withdrawal at Milne Bay, the first major Japanese defeat in land warfare during the Pacific War. 1943 – World War II: In the Pacific Theater, the 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment lands and occupies Lae Nadzab Airport, near Lae during the Salamaua–Lae campaign. 1944 – Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux. 1945 – Cold War: Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet Union embassy clerk, defects to Canada, exposing Soviet espionage in North America, signalling the beginning of the Cold War. 1945 – Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese American who broadcast under the name Orphan Annie during World War II, is arrested in Yokohama by U.S. military authorities amid widespread speculation of her being wartime radio propagandist Tokyo Rose. 1948 – In France, Robert Schuman becomes President of the Council while being Foreign minister; as such, he is the French negotiator of the major treaties of the end of World War II. 1954 – KLM Flight 633 crashes into the River Shannon in Shannon, County Clare, Ireland, killing 28. 1957 – Cuban Revolution: Fulgencio Batista bombs the revolt in Cienfuegos. 1960 – Poet Léopold Sédar Senghor is the first elected President of Senegal. 1960 – Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) wins the gold medal in the light heavyweight boxing competition at the Olympic Games in Rome. 1968 – End of the Congress of Carrara, one of the major 20th century anarchist congresses. 1969 – Mỹ Lai Massacre: U.S. Army Lieutenant William Calley is charged with six specifications of premeditated murder for the death of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai. 1970 – Vietnam War: Operation Jefferson Glenn begins: The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province. 1972 – Munich massacre: A Palestinian terrorist group called "Black September" attacks and takes hostage 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games. Two die in the attack and nine are murdered the following day. 1975 – Sacramento, California: Lynette Fromme attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford. 1977 – Voyager Program: NASA launches the Voyager 1 spacecraft. 1978 – Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat begin peace discussions at Camp David, Maryland. 1980 – The Gotthard Road Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at stretching from Göschenen to Airolo. 1981 – The first women arrive at what becomes Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp in the UK. 1984 – STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery lands after its maiden voyage. 1984 – Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment. 1986 – Pan Am Flight 73 from Mumbai, India with 358 people on board is hijacked at Karachi International Airport. 1990 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers slaughter 158 civilians. 1991 – The current international treaty defending indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, comes into force. 1996 – Hurricane Fran makes landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina as a Category 3 storm with 115 mph sustained winds. Fran caused over $3 billion in damage and killed 27 people. 2005 – Mandala Airlines Flight 091 crashes after takeoff from Polonia International Airport in Medan, Indonesia, killing 149. 2006 – The Waziristan Accord is signed between the Government of Pakistan and local Taliban militants in North Waziristan, obliging the Taliban to expel foreign jihadists and the government to compensate the tribes for loss of life and property and launch reconstruction projects. 2012 – An accidental explosion at a Turkish Army ammunition store in Afyon, western Turkey kills 25 soldiers and wounds four others. 2021 – The President of Guinea, Alpha Condé is captured by armed forces during a coup d'état. 2022 – Liz Truss is declared the winner of the UK Conservative Party leadership election, beating Rishi Sunak. 2022 – At least 93 people die and 25 are missing after a magnitude 6.8 earthquake strikes Sichuan, China.
Births Pre-1600 989 – Fan Zhongyan, Chinese chancellor (died 1052) 1187 – Louis VIII, king of France (died 1226) 1201 – Alix of Thouars, duchess of Brittany (died 1221) 1269 – Agnes of Bohemia, Duchess of Austria (died 1296) 1319 – Peter IV, king of Aragon (died 1387) 1451 – Isabel Neville, daughter of Richard Neville (died 1476) 1500 – Maria of Jever, ruler of the Lordship of Jever (died 1575) 1533 – Jacopo Zabarella, Italian philosopher and logician (died 1589) 1540 – Magnus of Holstein, prince of Denmark (died 1583) 1567 – Date Masamune, Japanese daimyō (died 1636) 1568 – Tommaso Campanella, Italian poet, philosopher, and theologian (died 1639)
1601–1900 1638 – Louis XIV, king of France (died 1715) 1641 – Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, English diplomat (died 1702) 1642 – Maria of Orange-Nassau, Dutch princess (died 1688) 1651 – William Dampier, English explorer (died 1715) 1666 – Gottfried Arnold, German historian and theologian (died 1714) 1667 – Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri, Italian priest, mathematician, and philosopher (died 1733) 1694 – František Václav Míča, Czech conductor and composer (died 1744) 1695 – Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish politician and diplomat (died 1770) 1722 – Frederick Christian, Prince-Elector of Saxony (died 1763) 1725 – Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician and theorist (died 1799) 1735 – Johann Christian Bach, German-English viol player and composer (died 1782) 1750 – Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet and author (died 1774) 1769 – John Shortland, English commander (died 1810) 1771 – Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen (died 1847) 1772 – Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, Iranian king (died 1834) 1774 – Caspar David Friedrich, German painter and etcher (died 1840) 1775 – Juan Martín Díez, Spanish general (died 1825) 1781 – Anton Diabelli, Austrian composer and publisher (died 1858) 1787 – François Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist and geologist (died 1850) 1791 – Giacomo Meyerbeer, German pianist and composer (died 1864) 1792 – Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy, French geologist and mineralogist (died 1857) 1806 – Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, French general and politician, French Minister of War (died 1865) 1817 – Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Russian poet, author, and playwright (died 1875) 1818 – Edmund Kennedy, Australian explorer and surveyor (died 1848) 1826 – John Wisden, English cricketer and businessman (died 1884) 1827 – Goffredo Mameli, Italian poet and songwriter (died 1849) 1829 – Lester Allan Pelton, American inventor (died 1908) 1831 – Victorien Sardou, French author and playwright (died 1908) 1833 – George Huntington Hartford, American businessman (died 1917) 1836 – Justiniano Borgoño, Peruvian soldier and politician, 57th President of Peru (died 1921) 1847 – Jesse James, American outlaw (died 1882) 1850 – Eugen Goldstein, German physicist (died 1930) 1856 – Thomas E. Watson, American lawyer, publisher, and politician (died 1922) 1867 – Amy Beach, American pianist and composer (died 1944) 1871 – Friedrich Akel, Estonian physician and politician, Head of State of Estonia (d 1941) 1872 – V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Indian lawyer and politician (died 1936) 1872 – Horace Rice, Australian tennis player (died 1950) 1873 – Cornelius Vanderbilt III, American general and engineer (died 1942) 1874 – Nap Lajoie, American baseball player and manager (died 1959) 1876 – Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (died 1956) 1880 – José María of Manila, Spanish-Filipino priest and martyr (died 1936) 1881 – Otto Bauer, Austrian philosopher and politician, Foreign Minister of Austria (died 1938) 1881 – Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson, English field marshal (died 1964) 1883 – Otto Erich Deutsch, Austrian musicologist and scholar (died 1967) 1888 – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher and politician, 2nd President of India (died 1975) 1892 – Joseph Szigeti, Hungarian violinist and educator (died 1973) 1897 – Morris Carnovsky, American actor (died 1992) 1897 – Arthur Nielsen, American market analyst, founded ACNielsen (died 1980) 1899 – Humphrey Cobb, American author and screenwriter (died 1944) 1899 – Helen Creighton, Canadian author and educator (died 1989) 1899 – Max Bishop, American baseball player (died 1962)
1901–present 1901 – Florence Eldridge, American actress (died 1988) 1901 – Mario Scelba, Italian politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Italy (died 1991) 1902 – Jean Dalrymple, American playwright, producer, manager, and publicist (died 1998) 1902 – Darryl F. Zanuck, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1979) 1904 – Vera Bradford, Australian pianist and educator (died 2004) 1905 – Maurice Challe, French general (died 1979)