Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The unique-event polymorphism that defines this clade is the single-nucleotide polymorphism known as M184.Other SNPs – M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, and L445 – are considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to M184.
T-M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare. T1 (T-L206) – the numerically dominant primary branch of T-M184 – appears to have originated in Western Asia, and spread from there into East Africa, South Asia, Europe, Egypt and adjoining regions. T1* may have expanded with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB) which originated in West Asia.
The earliest presence of T-M184 appears in Ain Ghazal, Jordan (sample i1707), bordering Asia and Africa. The individual predated the arrival of Caucaso-Iranian ancestry to the Levant. His DNA consisted of Natufian Hunter Gatherer and Anatolian Neolithic ancestry, together known as PPNB, which was the indigenous ancestry of the Levant at the time.
Subclades of T-M70 appear to have been present in Europe since the Neolithic with Neolithic Farmers from Western Asia. The moderately high frequency (~18%) of T1b* chromosomes in the Lemba of southern Africa supports the hypothesis of a West Asian origin for their paternal line.
Structure
Subclade structure of Haplogroup T (M184). T1 (L206) T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662) T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454) T1a1a (L208/Page2) T1a1a1 (CTS11451) T1a1a2 (Y16897) T1a1a2a (Z19963) T1a2 (L131) T1a2a (PH141/Y13244) T1a2b (L446) T1a3 (FGC1350/Y11151 ) T1a3a (Y11675/Z9798) T1a3b (FGC1340/Y8614) T2 (PH110)
Distribution
Overview
As a primary branch of haplogroup LT (a.k.a. K1), the basal, undivergent haplogroup T* currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L* (a.k.a. K1a). (Before 2008, haplogroup T and its subclades were known as haplogroup K2. The name K2 has since been reassigned to a primary subclade of haplogroup K.) It has two primary branches: T1 (T-L206) and T2 (T-PH110). Most males who now belong to haplogroup T1* carry the subclade T-M70 (T1a), a primary branch of T-M206.
Haplogroup T is found at exceptionally high levels amongst the Dir and Isaaq in Somaliland,Michael Hodd, East Africa Handbook, 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21: "To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Somaliland Djibouti, and Ethiopia.Giuseppe Iacovacci et al., "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries," ^Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2016 It is also found at relatively high levels in specific populations in other parts of the world which include Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in India; among Toubou in Chad; Somalilander clans: Isaaq and Dir, southern Egyptians and Fula (Fulbe) in north Cameroon; ; Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians and Iraqi Jews in the Middle East. T is a rather rare haplogroup, displaying a global frequency of around 1% (King et al., 2007), but nonetheless it is found at quite high frequencies in Sephardic Levites (23%) and Sephardic Israelis (13%; Behar et al., 2004).
The maximal worldwide frequency for haplogroup T-M184 is 100%, amongst Dir clan males (Iacovacci et al. 2016). It accounts for approximately 82.4% of ethnic Somali male lineages overall in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia (Plaster et al. 2011). T is only 9% in Somalia (Iacovacci et al. 2016). Geographically, it is found at the highest levels in the Dire Dawa area of Ethiopia, and Djibouti.
Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of T on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from West Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Anatolian haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 BP and 9,000 BP, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 BP). According to the authors, haplogroup T-M184 within Africa represents the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the West Asian clade. Later expansions of populations from West Asia carrying the E-M215, E-V38, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.
In the Caucasus and Anatolia it makes up to 4% of the population in southeast and northwest Caucasus as well as in southeast and western Anatolia, peaking up to 20% in Armenians from Sasun. In Middle East it makes up to 4% of the population around the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf as well as around the Taurus Mountains and the Levant basin, peaking up to 10% in Zoroastrians from Kerman, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians (up to 40%), Abudhabians, Armenians from Historical Southwestern Armenia and Druzes from Galilee. In Eastern Africa, it makes up to 4% of the population on Upper Egypt peaking up to 10% in Luxor.
Haplogroup T is uncommon in Europe, except in Southern Europe and adjoining areas. According to Mendez et al. (2011), "the occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow". It makes up to 4% of the population in Central Italy, Western Sicily, Northwest Corsica, Northwestern Iberian Peninsula, Western Andalucia, Western Alps, Eastern Crete, and Macedonia, frequencies up to 10% in Ibiza, Miranda do Douro, Eastern Oviedo, Cádiz, Badajoz, Balagna, Norma and Ragusa, and peaking at 20% in Sciacca, L'Aquila and some German southern regions. T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia. The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.
T1 (T*) PopulationLanguageLocationSample sizePercentageSourceNotes Berbers Siwi (Berber) Sejenane1/472.1% Syrians UnspecifiedSyria 1/951.1% Macedonians Macedonian (Balto-Slavic)Macedonia 1/2010.5%Macedonians Orthodox Christians
T1 is the most common descent of T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all Eurasian T-M184 members. One of their descent lineages is found in high frequencies among northern Somali clans. However, it appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Palestine to the Jordan Valley.
The basal T1* subclade appears to have spread to northeastern Anatolia, from the Levant and Mesopotamia at least, with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Although it is rare in modern populations, T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia, a male in Syria, and one sequence among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia.
T1a (M70) Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylonia and Assyria. The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.
T1a1*
The Pityusans of the Pityusic Islands (Ibiza and Formentera) – have been found by three different studies to possess T1a1 at relatively high levels of 6.7–16.7%. Tomàs et al. (2006) found three cases amongst a sample of 45 (6.7%). Zalloua et al. (2008) found nine examples that were L454+ (an SNP equivalent to L162/Page21) from a sample of 54 (i.e. a rate of 16.7%). Rodriguez et al. (2009) found seven cases of L454+ in a sample of 96 (7.3%).
The Pontic Greeks of Anatolia are also reported to possess T1a1. In 2009, a male with the surname Metaxopoulos and a Pontic Greek background was reported to be T-L162(xL208) – according to the Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project administered by Adriano Squecco. Greeks from the Fatsa (originally "Φάτσα") reportedly migrated in antiquity from Sinope, which was itself colonised by Ionians (from Miletus). Another ancient Ionian colony in north-west Anatolia, Lámpsakos (Lampsacus), had onomastic links to the Pityusic Islands (see above) – Lámpsakos was originally an Ionian colony known as Pityussa.
T1a1a (L208)
This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. The Isaaq clans and dir is T-L208, they found in Somaliland, Djibouti, Somalia and Somali Ethiopia.
T1a1a1a1b1a1* (T-Y3782*) One Sardinian male from a sample of 187 (a nominal rate of 0.53%) – a resident of the Province of Cagliari (Sardinian: Casteddu) – has been found to have T-Y3782(xY3836), also known T1a1a1a1b1a1(xT1a1a1a1b1a1a).
T1a1a1a1b1a1a (T-Y3836)
This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where the subclade also has its highest diversity. Two subclades can be clearly discriminated. The first, found mainly in post-colonial Puerto Rico, with DYS391=10 and the second, found mainly in Panamá where their Iberian descendants could have the entrance point to America, with DYS439=12.
Some members of Y3836 are found among different communities of the Sephardic diaspora but they are found to be extremely rare in the total percentage of some of these communities as seen in Nogueiro et al. This probably could mean that these members could be integrated by these communities through the contact with other native Iberian populations as seen in Monteiro et al. where this lineage was found among native Astur-Leonese speakers. Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes Panamanians Panamian Castilian (Romance languages)Los Santos Province 1/303.3% Colombians Colombian Castilian (Romance languages)Caldas2/752.7%YHRDMestizo individuals Panamanians Panamian Castilian (Romance languages)Panama Province 1/432.3% Northwest Argentinians Argentinian Castilian (Romance languages)Mountainous region of Jujuy1/502% YHRDAdmixed population Puerto Ricans Puerto Rican Castilian (Romance languages)Southeast Puerto Rico2/1101.8% Northeastern Portuguese Jews Judaeo-Portuguese (Romance) Bragança, Argozelo, Carção, Mogadouro, and Vilarinho dos Galegos1/571.8% Native Mirandese speakers Mirandese Astur-Leonese (Romance) Miranda de l Douro 1/581.7% Dominicans Dominican Castilian (Romance languages)Dominican Republic4/2611.5% Panamanians Panamian Castilian (Romance languages)Chiriquí Province1/921.1% Mecklenburgers East Low Saxon (West Germanic)Rostock2/2001% Mestizos Colombian Castilian (Romance languages)Bogotá2/1951%YHRD Mestizos Colombian Castilian (Romance languages)Valle del Cauca1/1031%YHRD Mestizos Ecuadorian Castilian (Romance languages) Quito 1/1021% Venezuelans Venezuelan Castilian (Romance languages)Maracaibo1/1110.9% Venezuelans Venezuelan Castilian (Romance languages)Central Region1/1150.9% Europeans Brazilian Portuguese (Romance languages)São Paulo1/1200.8YHRDEuropean descents Ecuadorians Ecuadorian Castilian (Romance languages) Quito 1/1200.8% Colombians Colombian Castilian (Romance languages)Antioquia6/7770.7% Mexicans Mexican Castilian (Romance languages)Mérida1/1590.6%YHRDMestizo individuals Eastern Andalusians Andalusian (Romance)Alhama de Granada, Baza, Huéscar, Loja, Montefrío and Órgiva1/1800.6% Colombians Colombian Castilian (Romance languages)Santander1/1930.5%YHRDMestizo individuals Chileans Chilean Castilian (Romance languages)Concepción1/1980.5%YHRD Catalans Not reportedMetropolitan area of Barcelona1/2240.5% Mexicans Mexican Spanish (Romance languages)Guadalajara 1/2460.4%YHRDMestizo individuals Europeans Brazilian Portuguese (Romance languages)Rio Grande do Sul1/2550.4%
T2 (PH110) This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.
A 2014 study found T-PH110 in one ethnic Bhutanese male, out of a sample of 21, possibly implying a rate of 4.8% in Bhutan. Also have been found in a German individual and another two from Caucasus. The Bhutanese and the German haplotypes seems to cluster together.
Possible cases from older research