Princess Catherine Dolgorukova (; 15 February 1922) was a Russian aristocrat and the daughter of Prince Michael Dolgorukov and his wife, Vera Vishnevskaya.
Catherine was a long-time mistress of Tsar Alexander II and later, as his morganatic wife, was given the title of Princess Yurievskaya ().
Alexander and Catherine already had three children when they formed a morganatic marriage on , after the death of the Emperor's wife, Marie of Hesse and by Rhine, on . A fourth child had died in infancy. Catherine became a widow with the assassination of Alexander II on by members of Narodnaya Volya.
Background
Catherine was the elder daughter of Prince Michael Mikhailovich Dolgorukov (1816–1865) and his wife, Vera Gavrilovna Vishnevskaya (1820–1867). She had one younger sister, Princess Marie Mikhailovna Dolgorukova, Countess von Berg (1849–1907). Catherine was a direct descendant of Anastasia Romanova (), the wife of Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolensky (), one of the Seven Boyars of 1610. Anastasia was the daughter of Nikita Romanovich (; born – 23 April 1586), also known as Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev, who was a prominent boyar of the Tsardom of Russia. His grandson, Tsar Michael I (), founded the Romanov dynasty of Russian tsars. Anastasia was the paternal aunt of Tsar Michael I of Russia and the paternal niece of Tsaritsa Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva of Russia.
Appearance
One contemporary described the young Catherine as "of medium height, with an elegant figure, silky ivory skin, the eyes of a frightened gazelle, a sensuous mouth, and light chestnut tresses."Lincoln (1981), p. 440
Catherine's nephew-in-law Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia wrote: "[I] couldn't take my eyes off her – I liked the sad expression of her beautiful face and the radiance of her rich blonde hair."Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 446
Some courtiers described Catherine as "vulgar and ugly". Konstantin Pobedonostsev wrote that "the eyes, by themselves, would be attractive, I suppose, only her gaze has no depth – the kind in which transparency and naïveté meet with lifelessness and stupidity ..."Radzinsky (2005), pp. 377–378
Mistress of Alexander II
In 1859, 10-year-old Catherine met 41-year-old Alexander II when he paid a visit to her father's estate. On the 150th anniversary of Peter the Great's victory over Charles XII of Sweden, he observed military maneuvers near Poltava.Edvard Radzinskii, Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar, p. 193 He later reflected: "I made your acquaintance when you weren't even eleven but you've only got more beautiful every year since."Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 407
After the death of her penniless father, Catherine and her sister Maria were sent to the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens in St. Petersburg, a school for well-born girls. Her mother appealed to Court Minister Count Nikolay Adlerberg, who arranged for Alexander to pay for their education and that of their four brothers.
In the fall of 1864, Alexander met the 16-year-old Catherine at the Smolny Institute on an official visit.Radzinsky (2005), pp. 194–198 He visited her at the school and took her for walks and on carriage rides. Catherine had liberal opinions, formed in part by her time at the school, and she discussed them with him. He later arranged for her to become a lady-in-waiting to his wife, who was suffering from tuberculosis.
Catherine liked the Emperor and enjoyed being in his company, but she did not want to become one of a series of mistresses. Though her mother and the headmistress of the Smolny Institute both urged her to seize the opportunity to better her circumstances and those of her family, Catherine and Alexander did not actually become intimate until July 1866, when she was moved by her pity for the Emperor after the death of his eldest son, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, and after an attempt to assassinate him. Her mother had died two months before. That night, she later recalled in her memoirs, the still married Emperor told her: "Now you are my secret wife. I swear that if I am ever free, I will marry you."Tarsaidze (1970), p. 92
Alexander insisted that Catherine and their children remain nearby. He saw her three or four times a weekLincoln (1981), p. 441 when she was escorted by the police to a private apartment in the Winter PalaceBergamini (1969), p. 344 and they wrote to one another every day and sometimes several times each day, often discussing the pleasure they found in making love. In one 28-page letter, written when Catherine was pregnant, she asked the Emperor to remain faithful to her "for I know you are capable in one moment when you want to make it, to forget that you desire only me, and to go and make it with another woman." Twenty nine of the previously unpublished passionate letters the couple wrote to one another were auctioned off in May 2007 for high sums. Alexander II sketched Catherine in the nude, rented her a mansion in St. Petersburg, and thought of her constantly.
Alexander II and Catherine went to great lengths to hide their relationship. They never signed their letters to one another with their real names and used the code word "bingerle" to refer to the sex act. When she went into labor with her third child, Boris, in February 1876, Catherine insisted on being taken to the Winter Palace, where she gave birth in the Emperor's rooms, but the baby was taken back to Catherine's private residence while Catherine recovered from childbirth in the Emperor's rooms for nine days. Boris caught cold and died a few weeks later.Tarsaidze (1970)
Alexander II's family and court disapproved of their relationship. Catherine was accused of scheming to become Empress and influencing Alexander towards liberalism. Allegedly, she engaged with unscrupulous businessmen.Bergamini (1969), p. 353 On 1 March 1880, there was an explosion in the dining room of the Winter Palace. Alexander ran upstairs to Catherine's rooms, shouting "Katya, my dearest Katya!" Alexander's brother-in-law Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine was furious that he had forgotten Empress Marie, who was also in the palace and might have been injured in the assassination attempt.Mager (1998), p. 71
Fearing that she might become the target of assassins, Alexander moved Catherine and their children to the third floor of the Winter Palace by the winter of 1880. Courtiers spread stories that Alexander's dying wife was forced to hear the noise of Catherine's children moving about overhead, but the rooms of Empress Marie and Catherine were far apart.Radzinsky (2005), p. 300 Though the Emperor had been unfaithful on many occasions in the past, his relationship with Catherine began after the Empress, who had had eight children, stopped having intercourse with her husband on the advice of her doctors. After the Empress asked to meet his children with Catherine, the Emperor brought their two older children, George and Olga, to the Empress's bedside and she kissed and blessed both children. Both the Emperor and his wife were in tears during the meeting.
Marriage to Alexander II
Shortly after Empress Marie died, Alexander decided to marry Catherine. When Empress Marie died on 22 May, he wrote "My double life ends today. I am sorry but She [Catherine] doesn't hide her joy. She talks immediately about legalizing our situation; this mistrust kills me. I'll do all for her but not against the national interest."Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 440 On 23 May, he decided to marry Catherine as soon as the mourning period was over. He promised to crown her as Empress on 1 August 1881. He granted her the title of Most Serene Princess Yurievskaya and legitimized their children, but he stipulated that they had no right to the throne as children of a morganatic marriage.Radzinsky (2005), p. 368
Alexander and Catherine's marriage was tremendously unpopular with the Russian public. Father Bazhenov, who had witnessed Alexander's marriage to Empress Marie, refused to witness his marriage to Catherine. His childhood friend Adlerberg tried to "dissuade him by citing the unpleasant impression it would make unless he waited a year after the empress's death."Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 409 Daria Tyutcheva, once Empress Marie's lady-in-waiting, resigned from her position in the Imperial court. She confided to Countess Alexandra Tolstaya that she resigned because "I can't promise not to make a public scene and even spit in the face of Princess Yurievskaya at the first opportunity."Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 443 Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a courtier, wrote, "How it irks me to see her in the place of the dear, wise, and graceful Empress!"
Alexander's family was furious over his marriage to Catherine. His only legitimate daughter and favorite child Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia wrote to him, “I pray that myself and my junior brothers, who were particularly close to Mama, would one day be able to forgive you.”Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 94 His sister-in-law, Princess Cecile of Baden, declared "I shall never recognize that scheming adventuress. I hate her!" His daughter-in-law Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin wrote that she hoped "that the Tsar's eyes must at length be opened to the worthless of the creature who seems to have him bound as in a spell, to make him deaf and blind."Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 95
Alexander's family refused to accept Catherine. At a Winter Palace reception in February 1881, Tsesarevna Maria Feodorovna refused to kiss Catherine. Alexander II was furious and chastised his daughter-in-law: "Sasha (the future Alexander III) is a good son, but you – you have no heart."Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 445 Maria Feodorovna refused to allow her children to stay with Catherine and her children. Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich wrote that his father, the Emperor's youngest brother Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia, pitied Catherine because the family treated her so coldly.Radzinsky (2005), pp. 378–380
Catherine was angry about the way Alexander's family treated her. She complained "I ceded ... the honours [to Alexander's daughters-in-law], but they shouldn't forget I was the wife of their Sovereign." She frequently complained about "the monsters in [Alexander's] family", whom she called "as heartless as they were uneducated."
Despite the criticisms, Alexander II was delighted to be married to his long-time mistress and open about their relationship. In his memoirs, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia wrote that the Emperor behaved like a teenage boy when in Catherine's presence and she also appeared to adore him.Radzinsky (2005), p. 378 Alexander wrote to his sister Queen Olga of Württemberg about his happiness with Catherine: "She preferred to renounce all social amusements and pleasures so desired by young ladies of her age ... and has devoted her entire life to loving and caring for me. Without interfering in any affairs, despite the many attempts by those who would dishonestly use her name, she lives only for me, dedicated to bringing up our children."Radzinsky (2005), p. 233
There were fears that Alexander planned to make Catherine his Empress and supplant his legitimate heirs with his children by Catherine. During a family dinner, he asked the seven-year-old George, his eldest child by Catherine, if he would like to become a Grand Duke. "Sasha (Alexander), for God's sake, drop it!" Catherine rebuked him, but the exchange fueled the family's fears.