Human rights in Cyprus are protected by the constitution of the Republic of Cyprus.Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, Article 5
In a number of cases, the European Court of Human Rights has found Turkey responsible for continuous violations of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Republic of Cyprus as a result of the Turkish Invasion in 1974 and continuous occupation of 37% of its territory. Regarding human rights in the areas under the effective control of the Republic of Cyprus, according to the 2010 US Department of State human rights report, there were reports of police abuse and degrading treatment of persons in custody and asylum seekers, as well as instances of discrimination and violence against members of minority ethnic and national groups. Trafficking of women to the island, particularly for sexual exploitation was reportedly a problem. Several instances of violence against women and children were also reported.
Democratic freedom
Freedom House classified the perceived level of democratic and political freedom in Cyprus as "free" in 2011 in its Freedom in the World report. The US Department of State reported in 2010 that the recent elections were free and fair.
Ibrahim Aziz, who was prevented from voting in the elections, applied to the European Court of Human Rights. In 2004, in the case of Aziz v. Cyprus, the ECHR ruled that his right to vote was denied.Aziz v. Cyprus , European Court of Human Rights, Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Retrieved 2011-06-15. After this case, the right to vote was given to the Turkish Cypriots residing in the Republic of Cyprus.Turkish Cypriots – Parliamentary Elections, Cyprus News Agency, Retrieved 2011-05-17. However, Turkish Cypriots still cannot run in presidential elections and the Turkish Cypriots which reside in Northern Cyprus cannot vote in elections, even though they are citizens of the Republic of Cyprus.Nicos Trimikliniotis, Corina Demetriou. Evaluating the Anti-Discrimination Law in the Republic of Cyprus: A Critical Reflection (Peace Research Institute) Retrieved 2010-05-07.
Rights of minorities US Department of State reported in 2010 that there were instances of discrimination and violence against members of minority ethnic and national groups. Minority Rights Group International reported in 2011 that minorities in Cyprus faced serious discrimination and they were excluded from policital activity.Cyprus conflict resolution strongly questioned if minorities continue to be excluded – new MRG report (Minority Rights Grup International) Date: 22 March 2011, Retrieved on 13 July 2011 The US Department of State report in 2005 stated that discrimination against Turkish Cypriots and Roma were problems.International Human Rights Report 2005 – Cyprus, US Department of State, Retrieved 2011-05-16. There has been some mistreatment of the Turkish Cypriots visiting the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus.Yearbook of the United Nations 2005, United Nations, p.491
The US Department of State report about human rights in Cyprus in 2002 said that: "Some of the approximately 300 Turkish Cypriots living in the government-controlled area faced difficulties in obtaining identification cards and other government documents, especially if they were born after 1974. Turkish Cypriots also appeared to be subjected to surveillance by the Greek Cypriot police."US Department of State Report on Human Rights in Cyprus in 2002, Retrieved April 21, 2011
However, according to the Interior Minister Neoclis Sylikiotis in an interview to Turkish-Cypriot newspaper Kıbrıs in 2011, 93,308 Turkish Cypriots already have ID cards, 58,069 Turkish Cypriots hold Cypriot passports of which 7,376 are biometric.
Fair trial Although the prisons generally meet international standards, there has been reports stating the prisons to be overcrowded. There has been reports that the police had phsiycally abused detainees and had discriminated them. Some non-governmental organizations reported that foreign detainees complained that they had been subjected to physical violence.
In 2008, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Cyprus decided that the police had restricted Andreas Constantinou's access to legal aid.Symfiliosi, national report written for Becoming Vulnerable in Detention (p.154), , Retrieved 2011-05-09. Also, in 2008, the ECHR said that "a question arises as to the conformity of such legislation with the requirements of Article 6 of the Convention [...] there is a priori no reason why it should not be made available in spheres other than criminal law."
In the case of Panovits v. Cyprus in 2009, the ECHR ruled that: "In these circumstances, the Court concludes that the Assize Court’s handling of the confrontation with the applicant’s defence counsel rendered the trial unfair. It follows that there has been a violation of Article 6 § 1 in this respect."CASE OF PANOVITS v. CYPRUS (European Court of Human Rights) Retrieved on July 24, 2011.
Right to property In 2005, 25 cases by Turkish Cypriots were filed in the courts of the Republic of Cyprus, stating that they did not have access to their properties in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas.
Freedom of religion
The US Department of State reported in 2010 that freedom of religion was generally respected by the government. The government conserves the mosques. Although there are 17 mosques in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled area, only five of them are in public use.2010 Religious Freedom Report: Cyprus, US Department of State, Retrieved 2011-05-07.
In November 2005 the Ombudsman's Office issued a report on a complaint from Jehovah's Witnesses whose child was excused from religious instruction but who was subsequently harassed by fellow students and pressured by a religious instructor. The report concluded that the student's complaint was valid and that the instructor's remarks during a lesson on religious sects violated the student's religious freedom.2006 Religious Freedom Report: Cyprus, US Department of State, Retrieved 2011-05-07. Also, in November 2005 press reports said that the police and the municipality had harassed the Buddhist temple in Strovolos.
Nicos Trimikliniotis and Corina Demetriou noted that: "'Religious' discrimination is not exhausted there, however, as the treatment of Jehovah Witness conscientious objectors refusing to serve in the military illustrate."
Right to education There is currently no school for Turkish Cypriots living in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas.Cyprus Overview, Minority Rights Group International, Retrieved 2011-05-06. Maronites have an elementary school, but no secondary school, and Antonis Hadjiroussos underlines the danger of the assimilation of Maronites into the Greek Cypriot community because of this.The Cyprus review, Volumes 18-19 (2006), Intercollege, p.62
Rights of women
Laws prohibit rape and spousal rape in the Republic of Cyprus. There has been a sharp increase in the number of these crimes in the 2000s. Although sexual harassment in the workplace is prohibited, it is a widespread problem, but only few cases are reported to the authorities.
In 1996, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Concluding Observations noted that women were not represented in political life much, they were absent from higher levels of the government, the trafficking of women and their sexual exploitation was against human rights, there was sexual harassment in the workplace, and women were not paid equal money for work of equal value.Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Concluding Observations: Cyprus, U.N. Doc. A/51/38, paras. 37-66 (1996)., University of Minnesota, Retrieved 2011-05-11.
The committee also said: "The Committee exhorts the Government to extend full social security coverage to self-employed rural women and to abolish existing discrimination in this respect between married and unmarried women. The Committee urges the Government to implement special sensitization and training programmes in gender issues for all law enforcement officials and judges, particularly judges in family courts. The Committee strongly recommends that urgent special temporary measures be adopted, under article 4 of the Convention, with the aim of substantially increasing the presence of women in all areas of public and political life, as well as actively promoting their position in the senior management of the civil service and in the diplomatic service. The Committee urges the Government to explore the proposal of non-governmental organizations to establish an equal opportunities commission to deal with complaints by women and to serve in a mediatory capacity."
In 2006, the same committee expressed their concern about discrimination against women migrants, including domestic helpers and agricultural workers, lower number of women which have the PhD degree when compared with men, and "the lack of a comprehensive and systematic approach to gender equality policies".Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Cyprus, U.N. Doc. CEDAW/C/CYP/CO/5 (2006)., University of Minnesota, Retrieved 2011-05-11.
A US Department of State report in 2010 stated that: "On 7 January, the ECHR ruled in Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia that Cyprus failed to protect 20-year-old Russian cabaret artist Oxana Rantseva from human trafficking and failed to conduct an effective investigation into the circumstances of her death in 2001."2010 Human Rights Report: Cyprus, US Department of State, Retrieved 2011-04-24.
Freedom of press and speech
In 2010, the US Department of State reported that the law provided for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. The UNHCR also reported in 2006 that the freedom of press was generally respected, and independent press often criticized the authorities.Freedom of the Press – Cyprus (2006), UNHCR, Retrieved 2011-05-11. On 18 July 2005, the police used excessive force against demonstrators and journalists at a picket by striking lorry drivers.CYPRUS – Document – Europe and Central Asia: Concerns in Europe & Central Asia bulletin July-December 2005, Amnesty International, Retrieved 2011-05-11.
In 2004, the media was stifled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus to broadcast programmes against the Annan Plan for Cyprus. European Commissioner Günter Verheugen was refused to air-time on any Greek Cypriot TV channel because if he was not refused, he would present arguments supporting the plan.Goodbye to Freedom?, Association of European Journalists, Retrieved 2011-05-12.
In 2007, then President Tassos Papadopoulos "personally intervened" to force the dismissal of the press attaché at the Cyprus High Commission in London, Soteris Georgallis, because he had attended to a book presentation which was addressed by a critic of Papadopoulos, Takis Hadjidemetriou. Kyriakos Pierides reported in 2007 that the "pro-government political and commercial pressures are a constant factor inhibiting the work of the media there".
In 2008, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, in a report written by the Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation and the Turkish Cypriot Journalists' Union reported that the government of the Republic of Cyprus were violating the rights of Turkish Cypriots on the freedom of press. It added that the change in Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation's broadcasting frequency prevented many Turkish Cypriot TV channels broadcasting in Northern Cyprus, thus violating the freedom of the speech.Freedom of Expression, Media and Information in Cyprus Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Retrieved 2011-05-11.