was the second shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1605 until his abdication in 1623. He was the third son of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Through his daughter Tokugawa Masako, he was also the maternal grandfather of Empress Meishō.
Early life (1579–1593) Tokugawa Hidetada was born to Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Lady Saigō on May 2, 1579. This was shortly before Lady Tsukiyama, Ieyasu's official wife, and their son Tokugawa Nobuyasu were executed on suspicion of plotting to assassinate Oda Nobunaga, who was Nobuyasu's father-in-law and Ieyasu's ally. By killing his wife and son, Ieyasu declared his loyalty to Nobunaga. In 1589, Hidetada's mother fell ill, her health rapidly deteriorated, and she died at Sunpu Castle. Later Hidetada with his brother, Matsudaira Tadayoshi, was raised by Lady Acha, one of Ieyasu's concubines. His childhood name was , later becoming .
The traditional power base of the Tokugawa clan was Mikawa. In 1590, the new ruler of Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi enlisted Tokugawa Ieyasu and others in attacking the domain of the Hōjō in what became known as the Siege of Odawara (1590). Hideyoshi enlisted Ieyasu for this campaign by promising to exchange the five provinces under Ieyasu's control for the eight Kantō provinces, including the city of Edo. In order to keep Ieyasu from defecting to the Hōjō side (since the Hōjō and the Tokugawa were formerly on friendly terms), Hideyoshi took the eleven-year-old Hidetada as a hostage. In 1592 Hideyoshi presided over Hidetada's coming of age ceremony; it was then that Ieyasu's son dropped his childhood name, Takechiyo (竹千代), and assumed the name Hidetada. He was named the heir of the Tokugawa family, being the eldest surviving son of Ieyasu, and his favorite (since Ieyasu's eldest son had been previously executed, and his second son was adopted by Hideyoshi while still an infant). In 1593, Hidetada returned to his father's side.
In 1590, Hidetada married O-Hime (1585–1591), daughter of Oda Nobukatsu and adopted daughter of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. O-Hime died in 1591, and was given the posthumous Buddhist name Shunshoin. In 1595, Hidetada married Oeyo, daughter of Azai Nagamasa and adopted daughter of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Their wedding was held in Fushimi Castle.
Military achievements (1593–1605) In 1595, Hidetada married Oeyo of the Oda clan and they had two sons, Tokugawa Iemitsu and Tokugawa Tadanaga.Wilson, Richard L. (1985). Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743) (PhD thesis/dissertation). Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas. OCLC 19111312 They also had several daughters, one of whom, Senhime, married twice. The other daughter, Kazuko hime, married Emperor Go-Mizunoo (of descent from the Fujiwara clan).NHK has announced that its 2011 Taiga drama will be named Gō: Himetachi no Sengoku; and it will be based on the life of Oeyo, who was the mother of Tokugwa Masako – see 大河ドラマ 第50 作 江（ごう） 姫たちの戦国 ; "Atsuhime"-Autorin für NHKs 2011er Taiga-Drama gewählt (citing Tokyograph), J-Dorama.
Knowing his death would come before his son Toyotomi Hideyori came of age, Hideyoshi named five regents—one of whom was Hidetada's father, Ieyasu—to rule in his son's place. Hideyoshi hoped that the bitter rivalry among the regents would prevent any one of them from seizing power. But after Hideyoshi died in 1598 and Hideyori became nominal ruler, the regents forgot all vows of eternal loyalty and were soon vying for control of the nation. Tokugawa Ieyasu was one of the strongest of the five regents, and began to rally around himself an Eastern faction. A Western faction rallied around Ishida Mitsunari. The two factions clashed at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu won decisively, which set the stage for Tokugawa rule.
Hidetada had led 16,000 of his father's men in a campaign to contain the Western-aligned Uesugi clan in Shinano. Ieyasu then ordered Hidetada to march to Sekigahara in anticipation of the decisive battle against the Western faction. But the Sanada clan managed to tie down Hidetada's force, so he arrived too late to assist in his father's narrow but decisive victory. Ieyasu was incensed with Hidetada and was only convinced by his advisors not to punish his son. On 3 December 1601, Hidetada's first son, , was born to a young maiden from Kyoto named Onatsu. In September 1602, Chōmaru fell ill and died; his funeral was held at Zōjō-ji temple in Shibe.
In 1603 Emperor Go-Yōzei granted Ieyasu the title of shōgun. Thus Hidetada became the heir to the shogunate.
Shōgun (1605–1623) To avoid his predecessor's fate, Ieyasu established a dynastic pattern soon after becoming shogun by abdicating in favor of Hidetada in 1605. Ieyasu retained significant power until his death in 1616; but Hidetada nevertheless assumed a role as formal head of the bakufu bureaucracy.Titsingh, I. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, p. 409.
Much to the dismay of Ieyasu, in 1612, Hidetada engineered a marriage between Sen, Ieyasu's favorite granddaughter, and Toyotomi Hideyori, who was living as a commoner in Osaka Castle with his mother. When this failed to quell Hideyori's intrigues, Ōgosho Ieyasu and Shogun Hidetada brought an army to Osaka.Titsingh, p. 410.
In 1614–1615, at the Siege of Osaka, father and son once again disagreed on how to conduct this campaign against the recalcitrant Toyotomi forces in Osaka. In the ensuing siege Hideyori and his mother were forced to commit suicide. Even Hideyori's infant son (Kunimatsu), that he had with a concubine, was not spared. Only Sen was spared; she later remarried and had a new family.
After Ieyasu's death in 1616, Hidetada took control of the bakufu. He strengthened the Tokugawa hold on power by improving relations with the Imperial court. To this end he married his daughter Kazuko to Emperor Go-Mizunoo. The product of that marriage, a girl, eventually succeeded to the throne of Japan to become Empress Meishō. The city of Edo was also heavily developed under his reign.
Historian Michifumi Isoda opined that the total isolationism policy implemented by Hidetada gradually weakened the military of Japan under Tokugawa shogunate in the long run.
Ogosho (1623–1632)
In Genna 9 (1623), Hidetada resigned the government to his eldest son and heir, Tokugawa Iemitsu.Screech, T. Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. p.85. Like his father before him, Hidetada became Ōgosho or retired shōgun, and retained effective power. He enacted anti-Christian measures, which Ieyasu had only considered: he banned Christian books, forced Christian daimyōs to commit suicide, ordered other Christians to apostatize under penalty of death; and executed fifty-five Christians (both Japanese and foreign) who refused to renounce Christianity or to go into hiding, by burning them along with their children, in Nagasaki in 1628.
Ōgosho Hidetada died in Kan'ei 9, on the 24th day of the 1st month (March 14, 1632). His Buddhist posthumous name is . His ashes were ceremoniously laid to rest in the Taitoku-in Mausoleum in Edo.
Honours Senior First Rank (March 30, 1632; posthumous)
Eras The years in which Hidetada was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Keichō (1596–1615) Genna (1615–1624)
Family Parents Status image Name posthumous Name Birth Death Parents Father Tokugawa Ieyasu Hogo Onkokuin January 31, 1543 June 1, 1616 Matsudaira HirotadaOdai no Kata Mother Saigō-no-Tsubone Hōdaiin 1552 July 1, 1589 Tozuka TadaharuSaigo Masakatsu's daughter
Siblings (mother side) Name Posthumous Name Birth Death Father Marriage Issue Saigo Katsutada 1570 Saigō Yoshikatsu Toku-hime Saigō Yoshikatsu
Wives and concubines Status Image Name Posthumous Name Birth Death Parents Issue First Wife (died before marriage) O-Hime Kantōin 1585 August 27, 1591 Oda Nobukatsu of Uda-Matsuyama DomainChiyo-Gozen (Kitabatake Tomonori’s daughter) Second Wife Oeyo Sūgen'in August 1573 September 15, 1626 Azai NagamasaOichi Senhime married Toyotomi Hideyori later Honda Tadatoki of Himeji DomainTamahime (1599–1622) married Maeda Toshitsune of Kaga DomainKatsuhime (1601–1672) married Matsudaira Tadanao of Fukui DomainHatsuhime (1602–1630) married Kyōgoku Tadataka of Matsue DomainTokugawa Iemitsu, 3rd shogunTokugawa Tadanaga of Sunpu DomainKazuhime married Emperor Go-Mizunoo
Children Image Name Posthumous Name Birth Death Mother Spouse Issue Senhime Tenjuin May 26, 1597 March 11, 1666 Oeyo First: Toyotomi HideyoriSecond: Honda Tadatoki of Himeji Domain By Second: Katsuhime (1618–1678) married Ikeda Mitsumasa of Okayama Domain Kochiyo (1619–1621) Tamahime Tentoku-in August 1, 1599 August 9, 1622 Oeyo Maeda Toshitsune of Kaga Domain Kametsuruhime (1613–1630) married Mori Tadahiro (1604–1633) Maeda Mitsutaka of Kaga Domain Kohime Maeda Toshitsugu (1617–1674) of Toyama Domain Maeda Toshiharu (1618–1660) of Daishōji Domain Manhime (1620–1700) married Asano Mitsuakira of Hiroshima Domain Tomihime (1621–1662) married Imperial Prince Hachijō-no-miya Toshitada (1619–1662) Natsuhime (1622–1623) Katsuhime Tensūin June 12, 1601 March 20, 1672 Oeyo Matsudaira Tadanao of Fukui Domain Matsudaira Mitsunaga (1615–1707) of Takada DomainKamehime (1617–1681) married Imperial Prince Takamatsu-no-miya Yoshihito (1603–1638)Tsuruhime (1618–1671) married Kujō Michifusa Chomaru Shutokuin 3 December 1601 September 1602 servant Hatsuhime Kōan-in August 25, 1602 April 16, 1630 Oeyo Kyōgoku Tadataka of Matsue Domain Tokugawa Iemitsu, 3rd Shogun Daiyūin-dono zosho August 12, 1604 June 8, 1651 Oeyo Takako (1622–1683), Takatsukasa Nobufusa’s daughter By concubines: Chiyohime (1637–1699) married Tokugawa Mitsutomo of Owari DomainTokugawa Ietsuna, 4th ShogunKamematsu (1643–1647)Tokugawa Tsunashige of Kofu DomainTokugawa Tsunayoshi, 5th ShogunTsurumatsu (1647–1648) Tokugawa Tadanaga of Sunpu Domain Bugan’in-dono 1606 January 5, 1634 Oeyo Masako (1614–1690), Oda Nobuyoshi of Obata Domain Kazuhime Tofukumon’in November 23, 1607 August 2, 1678 Oeyo Emperor Go-Mizunoo Empress MeishoSecond Princess (1625–1651) married Konoe HisatsuguImperial Prince Sukehito (1626–1628)Prince Waka (1628)Imperial Princess Akiko (1629–1675)Imperial Princess Yoshiko (1632–1696) married Nijō MitsuhiraPrincess Kiku (1633–1634) Hoshina Masayuki of Aizu Domain Hanitsu-reishin June 17, 1611 February 4, 1673 Oshizu-no-Kata First: Kunihime (1619–1637; Naito Masanaga {1568–1634} of Iwakitaira Domain)Second: Oman-no-Kata (1620–1691, Fujiki Hiroyuki's daughter) By First: Komatsu (1634–1638)By second: Hoshina Masayori (1640–1657)Haruhime married Uesugi Tsunakatsu of Yonezawa DomainNakahime (1643–1649)Shogen (1645)Hoshina Masatsune (1646–1681) of Aizu DomainIshihime (1648–1667) married Inaba Masamichi of Sakura DomainKamehime (1650–1651)Fuhime (1649–1651)Hoshina Masazumi (1652–1671)By Concubines: Kikuhime (1645–1647)Sumahime (1648–1666) married Maeda Tsunanori of Kaga DomainKinhime (1658–1659)Matsudaira Masakata (1669–1731) of Aizu DomainSanhime (b.1673)
Adopted daughters Toyotomi Sadako (1593–1658) daughter of Toyotomi Hidekatsu with Oeyo, later married Kujō Yukiie and had 2 Sons: Nijō Yasumichi and Kujō Michifusa.(Hidekatsu was Oeyo's former husband who died in Japanese Invasions of Korea) Chiyohime (1597–1649), daughter of Ogasawara Hidemasa and Toku-hime (Tokuhime was daughter of Matsudaira Nobuyasu) and married Hosokawa Tadatoshi had 1 son: Hosokawa Mitsunao of Kumamoto Domain Katsuhime (1618–1678), daughter of Senhime with Honda Tadatoshi and married Ikeda Mitsumasa, had 1 son and 1 daughter: Ikeda Tsunamasa, Torihime Kamehime (1617–1681), daughter of Katsuhime with Matsudaira Tadanao and married Takamatsu no Miya Yoshihito-Shinnō Kisahime (1598–1656), daughter of Yūki Hideyasu and married Mōri Hidenari had 1 son: Mori Tsunanori of Chōshū Domain Binhime (1607–1652) daughter of Okudaira Iemasa of Utsunomiya Domain and married Horio Tadaharu had 1 daughter married Ishikawa Kadokatsu