Turmus Ayya () is a Palestinian town in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate of the West Bank. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics recorded 2,464 residents in 2017. Many of the town's residents hold United States citizenship. The American Friends Service Committee estimated that more than 80% of residents held U.S. citizenship in 2023. while Ynetnews reported a figure of more than 90%, citing the mayor. The Guardian reported in August 2026 that about 80% of residents were U.S. citizens from New York, Chicago, and Paterson, often returning to the town during the summer.
Families from Turmus Ayya established businesses in the United States and Latin America in the 1960s, and later returned and invested money into local economy. Recent developments include agriculture infrastructure, date processing factories, construction, and equestrianism.
Turmus Ayya also hosts the Hugo Chavez Ophthalmic Hospital, a government hospital that specializes in eye care, and the only Ophthalmic hospital in the West Bank.
The town has repeatedly been impacted by Israeli settler violence. Major incidents include the June 2023 terror attack which led to the murder of resident and father of two, Omar Qattin, and the murder of 14-year-old U.S. Citizen, Amer Rabea, in April 2025. Etymology
The Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ) cites Palestinian historian Mustafa Murad al-Dabbagh's interpretation of Thormasia as a likley origin. Al-Dabbagh describes Thormasia as an Aramaic words associated with a mountain, remains from pressed grapes, and ruin or desolation.
Adolf Neubauer proposed another theory. He suggested the town is related to Thormasia, a place mentioned in the Talmud.Neubauer, 1868, p. 279 Michael Avi-Yonah and Shemuel Yeivin proposed identifying Turmus Ayya with Tur Shimon, which is mentioned in rabbinic literature as having been destroyed during the Bar Kokhba revolt.Yeivin, S. (1946). "The Bar-Kokhba War". Jerusalem. pp. 92–94. (Hebrew)
Another proposed explanation connects "Turmus" with the Latin word thermae, meaning a public bath. Under this interpretation, the settlement was originally called Ayya, with "Turmus" added after the construction of a bath during the Roman or Byzantine period.
Geography
Turmus Ayya is about northeast of Ramallah. Nearby Palestinian communities include Sinjil and Khirbet Abu Falah. The Israeli settlement of Shilo lies to the east. The town has an area of approximately 17,606 dunams, or 17.6 square kilometres. Its elevation is about 720 metres above sea level.
History
Potsherds dating to the late Iron Age around the 8th–7th centuries BCE and later periods have been found in Turmus Ayya. Archaeological surveys have suggested that settlement at the site continued from that period onwards.Finkelstein, 1997, pp. 651–652
Turmus Ayya is generally identified with Turbasaim in Crusader sources.Röhricht, 1887, p. 206; cited in Finkelstein, 1997, p. 651 Northeast of the town is Khirbet Ras ad-Deir, also known as Deir el-Fikia, which has been identified with the Crusader village of Dere.Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 331Pringle, 1993, p. 196
In 1145, half of the income from Turmus Ayya and Dere was assigned to the Abbey of Mount Tabor for maintenance of the church at Sinjil.Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. 59, No. 234; cited in Pringle, 1993, p. 196 In 1175, Turmus Ayya, Dere and Sinjil were transferred to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. 141, No. 529; cited in Pringle, 1993, p. 196
Ottoman era
Turmus Ayya was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine in 1517. In the 1596 tax registers it appeared in the Nahiya of Quds in the Liwa of Quds. The village had 43 households, all Muslim. Residents paid taxes on wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards, fruit trees, goats, and beehives, amounting to 7,200 akçe. Eleven twenty-fourths of the revenue went to a Waqf.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 113.
In 1838, Edward Robinson placed Turmus Aya in the province of Jerusalem, close to the boundary with the province of Nablus.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. 83 He described it as being on a low rocky mound in a level valley.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. 85
Several graves in the town's cemetery have headstones dating to the Ottoman period.
French explorer Victor Guérin visited Turmus Ayya in 1870. He recorded ancient cisterns, a broken lintel decorated with a garland, and fragments of a column.Guérin, 1875, p. 28, as translated in Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 378 Guérin estimated the population at about 700. He wrote that the village was administered by two sheikhs and that water was brought from nearby springs because its cisterns were almost dry.Guérin, 1875, p. 28
An Ottoman village list from around 1870 recorded 88 houses and 301 male residents.Socin, 1879, p. 162. It was located in the Beni Murra district. Hartmann later recorded 82 houses.Hartmann, 1883, p. 115
In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Turmus Ayya as a moderately sized village on a low knoll in a fertile plain, with a spring to the south and fruit trees around it.Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 292 In 1896, its population was estimated at about 834.Schick, 1896, p. 122
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Turmus Ayya had 707 residents, all Muslim.Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramallah, p. 17
The 1931 census of Palestine recorded 185 occupied houses and a population of 717, including 716 Muslims and one Christian woman.Mills, 1932, p. 51.
In the 1945 village statistics, Turmus Ayya had a population of 960, all Muslim, and a total land area of 17,611 dunams.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 26Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 65 Of this land, 3,665 dunams were plantations or irrigable land, 7,357 were used for cereals and 54 dunams were classified as built-up area.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 113Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 163
Jordanian era
After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Turmus Ayya came under Jordanian rule. Jordan annexed the West Bank in 1950.
The Jordanian census of 1961 recorded 1,620 residents.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 24
1967–present
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Turmus Ayya has been under Israeli occupation. An Israeli census that year recorded 1,562 residents. By 1989, the population had risen to 5,140.
Under the Oslo II Accord of 1995, 64.7% of the town's land was classified as Area B and 35.3% as Area C.Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, Turmus’ayya Town Profile, p. 16. ARIJ reports that 752 dunams of village land were taken for the Israeli settlement of Shilo and another 372 dunams for Mizpe Rahel.Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, Turmus’ayya Town Profile, p. 17.
In December 2014, Palestinian official Ziad Abu Ein died during a protest near Turmus Ayya against Israeli occupation and land confiscation.
Settler violence
B'Tselem recorded ten attacks by Israeli settlers in or around Turmus Ayya during the first six months of 2023.
On 21 June 2023, hundreds of masked Israeli settlers entered Turmus Ayya after four Israelis were killed in a shooting near the settlement of Eli. None of Turmus Ayya's residents had any apparent connection to the earlier shooting. About 30 Palestinian houses and 60 vehicles were set on fire during the attack. The attacks lasted two hour and resulted in millions of shekels of damages Omar Qattin, a 27-year-old resident, was shot dead during the attack.
An Israel Defense Forces spokesperson described the settler attacks as acts of terror by criminals. In the following weeks, five suspects in settler riots were placed in Israeli administrative detention.
In July 2024, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported four consecutive days in which settlers burned farmhouses and agricultural generators around Turmus Ayya.
On 4 April 2025, Israeli forces shot and killed 14-year-old Palestinian-American Amer Mohammed Rabea near Turmus Ayya and wounded two other teenagers. The IDF claimed the three had thrown rocks at a road and described them as terrorists. It released thermal footage of the shooting and said Unit 636 had killed one and hit two others.
Later that month, settlers began establishing an unauthorized outpost near Turmus Ayya, throwing rocks, firing live rounds, and decending upon the inhabitants living on the outskirts. Footage published by the Israeli organization Yesh Din showed construction equipment and mobile homes being moved into the area while Israeli soldiers were present. The Times of Israel reported that the Israeli government had not formally authorized a settlement at the site.
On 18 August 2025, masked settlers attacked Palestinian farmland near Turmus Ayya, damaged olive trees and set vegetation on fire. A BBC crew at the scene reported that settlers riding quad bikes chased people attempting to put out fires on the affected land.
On 19 October 2025, settlers attacked Palestinians harvesting olives near Turmus Ayya. Vehicles were burned and several farmers were assaulted. A masked settler struck a 55-year-old woman in the head; she lost consciousness and was hospitalized with a brain hemorrhage. U.S. journalist Jasper Nathaniel filmed part of the attack.
On 6 January 2026, settlers cut a water pipeline serving homes on the outskirts of Turmus Ayya and redirected the water toward a nearby outpost's swimming pool, according to OCHA. The agency reported that seven households containing 31 people, including 13 children, were affected and relied on local wells afterward.
In August 2026, The Guardian reported that another unauthorized Israeli outpost had been established on private farmland owned by people from Turmus Ayya, and settlers had carried out repeated nighttime incursions near the town, throwing rocks and firing live rounds. Residents interviewed by the newspaper described gunfire, threats and attacks on houses, and some had installed shutters, fences or barbed wire around their properties.
Yaser Alkam, the head of the village council, told The Guardian that he regularly contacted the U.S. embassy during attacks. He said embassy officials had intervened in late July 2026 after Israeli soldiers occupied a house belonging to a U.S. citizen from Syracuse, New York. The U.S. State Department told the newspaper that U.S. citizens in the West Bank had access to consular services and said it condemned violence by any party.
Infrastructure
Healthcare
In 2018, the Hugo Chavez Ophthalmic Hospital opened in Turmus Ayya. It was the first Palestinian government hospital specializing in eye care.
The hospital has four floors and an area of around 7,300 square metres. Its facilities include outpatient clinics, an emergency room, operating rooms, a cornea bank, administrative offices, and accommodation for medical staff. An adjacent building hossts lecture halls and meeting rooms, a cafeteria, and other support facilities. The complex also has an on-site wastewater treatment system.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the hospital was temporarily converted into a treatment and isolation center for patients from the Ramallah district.
Economy
Turmus Ayya's economy has heavy ties to the United States.