This is a timeline of modern Greek history.
Greek War of Independence (1821–1828)
1821, 21 February: Revolt of Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire declared by Alexandros Ypsilantis in Wallachia (Iaşi). 1821, 25 March: According to tradition, Metropolitan Germanos of Patras blesses a big Greek flag at the Monastery of Agia Lavra in Peloponnesia and proclaims to people assembled the beginning of a Greek Revolution. Greece declares its independence. Beginning of the Greek War of Independence. 1821, 10 April, Easter Monday: Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople gets hanged, outside the door of the Patriarchate, by the Turks. The door has remained shut and out of use ever since 1821, 17 April: Former Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril VI is hanged in the gate of the Adrianople's cathedral 1821, 4 April: Constantine Mourousis, Dimitrios Paparigopoulos and Antonios Tsouras are decapitated by the Ottomans in Constantinople 1821, 5 April: The Phanariotes Petros Tsigris, Dimitrios Skanavis and Manuel Hotzeris are decapitated by the Turks, while Georgios Mavrocordatos is hanged by the Sultan forces in Constantinople 1821, 23–24 April: Battle of Alamana. After the Greek defeat, Athanasios Diakos is impaled on a spit. 1821, 4 May: Metropolitans Gregorios of Derkon, Dorotheos of Adrianople, Ioannikios of Tyrnavos, Joseph of Thessaloniki, and the Phanariote Georgios Callimachi and Nikolaos Mourousis are decapitated on Sultan's orders in Constantinople 1821, May: The Turkish governor Yusuf Bey orders his men to kill every Greek in Thessaloniki that they find. The killings last for days, with the metropolitan and major notables among the victimsMazower, Mark, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430–1950 (Vintage, 2006), p. 126–129 1821, 2 June: Destruction of Kydonies in Asia Minor by the Ottoman army. Tens of thousands of Greek inhabitants become refugees http://www2.egiklopedia.gr/imeportal/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=8747 1821, 24 June: The massacre of Heraklion or 'the great ravage' occurs against the Greek community in Crete. Among the victims are the metropolitan of Crete and bishops Dr. Detorakis, Theocharis "Brief Historical Review of the Holy Archdiocese of Crete" 1821, 9 July: The chief of the Cypriot Orthodox Church Archbishop Kyprianos, along with 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, amongst them the Metropolitans Chrysanthos of Paphos, Meletios of Kition and Lavrentios of Kyrenia, are executed by beheading or hanging by the Turks in Nicosia 1821, July: Küçük Mehmet carries out several days of massacres of Greek Cypriots in Cyprus since July 9 and continues on for forty days, despite the Vizier's command to end the plundering since 20 July 1821 Claude Delaval Cobham, Exerpta Cypria, Cambridge University Press (1908) p. 453-454 1821, 11 September: Tripolitsa captured by the Greeks, who proceed to eliminate the Turkish garrison, officials and civilians. A total of about 30,000 people perish. 1821, 15 October: Turkish Cypriot mobs hang most of the Greek Cypriots in Larnaca and other towns, among them an archbishop, five bishops, thirty six ecclesiasticsClaude Delaval Cobham, Exerpta Cypria, Cambridge University Press (1908) pp. 454–455 1822, 9 April: After a month's resistance, the city of Naousa is captured by Abdul Abud, devastating the city and massacring its Greek population.Douglas Dakin, The Greek struggle for independence, 1821–1833, Batsford (1973) p. 66 Ending of the Greek revolution in Macedonia. 1822: The Chios massacre occurs. A total of about 100,000 people perish, mostly Greeks. 1822, 26 July, Battle at Dervenakia. A decisive victory of the Greeks which saved the revolution. 1823, 18 January: Nafplio becomes the site of the Revolutionary Government. 1823, March: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, represented by George Canning, recognizes the Greeks as a nation at war, thus recognizing de facto the Greek Independence. 1824, 7–8 June: The civilization of the island of Kasos is completely destroyed by the Turkish-Egyptian forces of Hussein Rushdi Pasha. About 7,000 people perish.Paul D. Hellander, Greece, pg 530 1824, 21 June: More than 15,000 Greeks of Psara are slaughtered by the forces of Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha.Brewer, D. The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation. Overlook Press, 2001, , pp. 235–236. 1824: The First Siege of Missolonghi occurs. 1825, 22 May: Laskarina Bouboulina is assassinated in Spetses. 1825, 5 June: Odysseas Androutsos is assassinated in Athens. 1825, 22 June: Ibrahim Pasha retakes Tripoli, kills the Greek population and destroys the city and its walls.La Grande Encyclopédie, s.v. Tripolis 1825, 6 November: Beginning of the Third Siege of Missolonghi. 1826, 10–11 April: The Sortie of Missolonghi occurs. Approximately 8,000 Greek soldiers and civilians perish. 1826, 24 June: Battle of Vergas. 1826, 11 November: Prime Minister Andreas Zaimis transfers the site of the government to Aegina. 1827, 22–24 April: Battle of Phaleron. Georgios Karaiskakis is killed in action. 1827, July 6: Signing of the Treaty of London. 1827, 20 October: Battle of Navarino. 1828, 24 January: John Capodistria is elected Governor of Greece. 1828, 31 January: Alexander Ypsilantis dies in Vienna.
First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832) The First Hellenic Republic (Greek: Αʹ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία) is a historiographic term used for a series of councils and "Provisional Governments" during the Greek War of Independence. During the first stages of the rebellion, various areas elected their own regional governing councils. These were replaced by the united administration at the First National Assembly of Epidaurus during early 1822, which also adopted the first Greek Constitution. A series of National Assemblies ensued, while Greece was threatened with collapse due to civil war and the victories of Ibrahim Pasha. In 1827, the Third National Assembly at Troezen selected Count Ioannis Kapodistrias as Governor of Greece for seven years. He arrived in 1828 and established the Hellenic State, commanding with quasi-dictatorial powers. He was assassinated by political rivals in 1831 and was succeeded by his brother, Augustinos Kapodistrias until the Great Powers declared Greece a Kingdom and selected the Bavarian Prince Otto to be its king.
Kingdom of Greece (1832–1924)
Reign of King Otto (1832–1862)
1843, 3 September: Military coup and revolution caused by the King's refusal to grant a constitution. King Otto agrees to convene a National Assembly to prepare a constitution. 1843, 15 September: Andreas Metaxas becomes the first Constitutional Prime Minister of Greece. 1844, March 18: The Greek Constitution of 1844 is voted into effect. 1850, 4 January: Pacifico incident. Blockade of the port of Piraeus by the British fleet. 1854, 14 May: Anglo-French occupation of Piraeus to ensure Greek neutrality during the Crimean War, although a Greek volunteer battalion participates in the Siege of Sevastopol. Cholera epidemic begins in the capital, transmitted by the foreign troops. 1861: Assassination attempt against Queen Amalia. 1862, 10 October: Military coup. Otto leaves the throne and the country.
Reign of King George I (1863–1913)
1863: Prince William of Denmark becomes the new King of the Hellenes, as George I. 1864, 2 May: Britain donates the Ionian Islands to Greece, as coronation gift to King George I. 1864: Assassination attempt against Alexandros Koumoundouros. 1864, 7 August: Greece has a new constitution which establishes a Constitutional Monarchy. 1864, 28 November: New constitution, unicameral assembly and constitutional monarchy created. 1866: Beginning of the Great Cretan Revolution (1866–1869). The exiled King Otto donates most of his fortune for the cause. 1877, 2 September: Hero of the War of Independence and current Prime Minister Konstantinos Kanaris dies. 1878, 13 June: Beginning of the Treaty of Berlin. Eastern Rumelia becomes autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire. 1878, Summer: Cretan rebellion, halted speedily by British intervention. 1880–1920: Approximately 400,000 Greeks emigrate to America due to widespread unemployment and economic problems.Alexander Kitroeff. The Story of Greek Migration to America. The Journey: The Greek American Dream (Documentary Film).C. Moskos. "The Greeks in the United States." In: R. Clogg (cd.). The Greek Diaspora in the Twentieth Century. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1999. p.105. 1881, 3 April: Earthquake strikes Chios. 3,550 people are reported dead. 1881: Thessaly becomes part of Greece. 1882, 3 March: Prime Minister Alexandros Koumoundouros resigns. 1885, May: Prime Minister Theodoros Deligiannis mobilizes the Greek Army in accordance with the Bulgarian revolt. Fearing modification of the Treaty of Berlin, the British Royal Navy blockades Greece. 1885, 6 September: Bloodless revolution in Eastern Rumelia and unification of the province with Bulgaria. 1893: Completion of the Corinth Canal. 1894, 27 April: Earthquakes occur in Atalanti. 255 people are dead. 1896, 6 April: Opening ceremonies of the first modern Olympic Games in Athens. 1897, January: Cretan Rebellion. Greece refuses a Turkish offer of an autonomous administration in Crete and mobilizes for war. 1897, 25 February: Greece refuses to withdraw the Greek volunteers from Crete. The Great Powers announce a blockade of Greece. 1897, 17 April: The Ottoman Empire declares war against Greece. Greco-Turkish War (1897). 1897, 27 April: Greece loses the war, agrees to surrender Crete to international administration, to make minor territorial concessions in Thessaly in favor of the Turks and to pay a large indemnity. 1898: Creation of the Cretan State. 1904: Beginning of the Greek Struggle for Macedonia. 1904, 13 October: Pavlos Melas is killed in Macedonia. 1905, 13 June: Assassination of Prime Minister Theodoros Deligiannis. 1908: Cretan deputies declare unilateral union with Greece. 1910, January: The Military League forces Parliament and King George I to summon a National Assembly to revise the Constitution of Greece. 1910, March 6: A protest in Kileler by the serfs of Thessaly for agricultural reform is violently suppressed by the Army. 1910, 2 October: Eleftherios Venizelos becomes Prime Minister of Greece.
First Balkan War
1912, 8 October: The members states of the Balkan League, after issuing ultimata, declare war on Turkey. Beginning of the First Balkan War. 1912, 22 October: Greek victory at the Battle of Sarantaporo. 1912, 1 November: Greek victory at the Battle of Giannitsa. 1912, 6–12 November: Greek victory at the Battle of Pente Pigadia. 1912, 9 November: The Greek army enters Thessaloniki. Most of southern Macedonia is occupied by Greece. 1912, 15 November: A Greek division marching towards Monastir is thrown back at the Battle of Vevi. 1912, 16 December: Greek victory at the Naval Battle of Elli. 1913, 18 January: Greek victory at the Naval Battle of Lemnos. 1913, 20–21 February: After overcoming Ottoman defenses in the Battle of Bizani, the Greek army enters Ioannina. Epirus is liberated. 1913, 18 March: King George I is assassinated in Thessaloniki. He's succeeded by his eldest son, King Constantine I. 1913, 30 May: Signing of the Treaty of London. End of the First Balkan War.
Second Balkan War
1913, 16 June: Bulgarian forces attack Greece and Serbia. Beginning of the Second Balkan War. 1913, 19–21 June: Greek victory at the Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas. 1913, 22–23 June: Greek victory at the Battle of Doiran. 1913, 8–18 July: Greeks and Bulgarians fight to a bloody stalemate at the Battle of Kresna Gorge. 1913, 10 August: Signing of the Treaty of Bucharest. End of the Second Balkan War. Much of Macedonia is transferred from Bulgaria to Greece.
National Schism
1914: According to the Protocol of Corfu, Northern Epirus is granted autonomy within Albania. Beginning of the Greek genocide.