Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=503 on 2014-07-28
Description Turbinidae have a strong, thick calcareous operculum readily distinguishing them from the somewhat similar Trochidae or top snails, which have a corneous operculum. This strong operculum serves as a passive defensive structure against predators that try to enter by way of the aperture or that would break the shell at the outer lip. These operculum are rounded ovals that are flat with a swirl design on one side and domed on the other. They are known as Pacific cat's eye or Shiva eye shells or mermaid money, and are used for decorative purposes.
Etymology The common name turban snail presumably refers to the shell's similarity in appearance to a turban. However, the scientific name Turbinidae is based on the genus name Turbo, which is Latin for spinning top, a child's toy. The word turbine has a similar derivation.
Taxonomy Previously they were classified in the subclass Prosobranchia, in the order Archaeogastropoda in the superfamily Trochacea. Trochaecea is now a synonym for the superfamily Trochoidea. However, this is a quite ancient group of gastropods, probably originating in the Permian period 298 to 250 million years ago.Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, . They have typical primitive characters like the nacreous interior of the shell.
2005 taxonomy Turbinidae belongs to superfamily Turbinoidea according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family consists of eight following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005): Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941 Angariinae Gray, 1857 - synonym: Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917 tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960 tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995 tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960 tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960 Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997 Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - synonym: "Prisogastrinae" in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) is a spelling error. Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
2008 taxonomy
Turbinidae was redefined and moved to the redefined superfamily Trochoidea according to Williams et al. (2008):Williams S. T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (September 2008) "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". Zoologica Scripta 37(5): 483-506. Angariidae was elevated to family level, Colloniinae was elevated to family Colloniidae within Phasianelloidea, Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae.
This family consists of five following subfamilies according to Williams et al. (2008):
Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae) Margaritinae Thiele, 1924 - tribes are sensu taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) - upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.) tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990 tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993 Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971: upgraded to the rank of family Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971 Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
The following subfamilies (sensu Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) classification of subfamilies in Turbinidae) were kept in Turbinidae: Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - Moelleria was not included in the molecular studies performed in 2010.Search for Moelleria, National Center for Biotechnology Information, accessed 19 April 2010. † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
Distribution Turbinids occur in shallow and deep waters. The family has a large distribution, from the tropics to the polar regions, but most of the species live in tropical and subtropical shallow waters. Over the last 50 years a noticeable decline in both size and quantity of turban snail population has been observed by Ama divers of several regions of Japan.
Genera
Genera in the family Turbinidae include:
Not belonging to any subfamily Phanerolepida Dall, 1907 Tropidomarga Powell, 1951
TurbininaeGofas, S. (2009). Turbininae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225151 on 2010-04-19
Astraea Röding, 1798 Astralium Link, 1807 Bellastraea Iredale, 1924 Bolma Risso, 1826 Cookia Lesson, 1832 Guildfordia Gray, 1850 Lithopoma Gray, 1850 Lunella Röding, 1798 Megastraea McLean, 1970Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1-82, pls 104-245. Modelia Gray, 1850 Pomaulax Gray, 1850 Turbo Linnaeus, 1758 - type genus Uvanilla Gray, 1850 Yaronia Mienis, 2011
Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 Prisogaster Mörch, 1850Gofas, S. (2009). Prisogasterinae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382193 on 2010-04-19
Genera brought into synonymy Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798 Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832 Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850 Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798 Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810 Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865 Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758 Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758 Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798 † Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847 Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758 Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847 Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924 Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867 Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 † Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 † Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850 Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810 Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810 Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915 Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877 Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880 † Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
References
Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949–1004. Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp. Williams S.T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (2008) Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta 37: 483–506.
External links
Seashells of New South Wales : Turbinidae Seashells of New South Wales: Skeneinae Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642