The siege of Alexandria (17 August – 2 September 1801) was fought during the French Revolutionary Wars between French and British forces. It was the last action of the French invasion of Egypt and Syria (1798–1801). The French had occupied Alexandria, a major fortified harbour city on the Nile Delta in northern Egypt, since 2 July 1798, and the garrison there surrendered on 2 September 1801.

Background

The battle between the British and French at Canope on 21 March 1801 resulted in a French repulse. The French under Menou, disheartened by this failure, retired to Alexandria. With Abercromby's death, John Hely-Hutchinson succeeded as commander of the British force in August. He now intended to lay siege to Alexandria and bottle Menou up.

Hutchinson left Coote with 6,000 men and then sent part of the reserve with Baron Charles de Hompesch to capture Rosetta. He then advanced to Cairo, which he reached, after a few skirmishes, in mid June. Joined by a sizable Ottoman force, Hutchinson invested Cairo and on 27 June the 13,000-strong French garrison under General Augustin Daniel Belliard, out-manned and out-gunned, surrendered. General John Moore then escorted them to the coast via Rosetta.

Siege

Hutchinson, with Cairo out of the way, now began the final reduction of Alexandria. He had thirty five battalions in total. While the reserve feinted to the east, Coote, with the Guards and two other brigades, landed on 16 August to its west where fierce opposition was encountered by the garrison of Fort Marabout, which the 54th Regiment of Foot eventually stormed. Both sides mounted combined assaults but the French soldiers, unable to break out and with food shortages and disease taking their toll, became increasingly disillusioned with the campaign. Menou knew he had no hope and on 26 August asked for terms; on 26 August he proposed formal terms of capitulation. The terms as amended by British commanders and put into effect are known as the Capitulation of Alexandria.

Aftermath

By 2 September, 10,000 French troops surrendered under terms which allowed them to keep their personal weapons and baggage, and to return to France on British ships. However, all French ships and cannons at Alexandria were surrendered to the victors. French warships captured in the harbour were divided between the British and Ottomans. The frigates Égyptienne, Régénérée and Léoben went to Britain, while the frigates Justice and Mantoue, hospital ship Causse and corvettes Halil Bey, Momgo Balerie and Salâbetnümâ went to the Ottomans.

Historians relate that the French garrison, feeling abandoned by an uncaring Republic, gradually abandoned the high standards of conduct and service characteristic of the French Revolutionary Army. Many soldiers refused to renew their oath to the Republic, or did so half-heartedly.John A. Lynn, pp. 160-161 In his memoirs, the surgeon-in-chief of Napoleon's Grand Army, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, remembers how the consumption of the meat of young Arab horses helped the French to curb an epidemic of scurvy. He would so start the 19th-century tradition of horse meat consumption in France.Larrey is quoted in French by Dr Béraud, Études Hygiéniques de la chair de cheval comme aliment, Musée des Familles (1841-42).

The Rosetta Stone After the surrender, a dispute arose over the fate of French archaeological and scientific discoveries in Egypt. One of the key artifacts was the Rosetta Stone which had been discovered in mid-July 1799 by French scientists of the Institut d'Égypte. Menou refused to hand them over, claiming they belonged to the institute. How exactly the stone came into British hands is disputed. Colonel Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, who escorted the stone to Britain, claimed later that he had personally seized it from Menou and carried it away on a gun carriage.Downs, Jonathan, Discovery at Rosetta, 2008 Turner brought the stone to Britain aboard Egyptienne, landing in February 1802. On 11 March it was presented to the Society of Antiquaries of London. Later it was taken to the British Museum, where it remains to this day. Inscriptions painted in white on the artifact state "Captured in Egypt by the British Army in 1801" on the left side and "Presented by King George III" on the right.

Order of battle Siege of Alexandria Order of Battle Force Brigade Unit SizeRef.Western ForceMajor-General Eyre CooteBrigade of GuardsMajor-General Lord Cavan Coldstream Guards 552 Third Guards 5901st BrigadeMajor-General George Ludlow 25th Regiment of Foot 526 1st Battalion, 27th Regiment of Foot 538 2nd Battalion, 27th Regiment of Foot 465 44th Regiment of Foot 3342nd BrigadeMajor-General Edward Finch 2nd Battalion, 1st Regiment of Foot 352 26th Regiment of Foot 438 1st Battalion, 54th Regiment of Foot 381 2nd Battalion, 54th Regiment of Foot 384Eastern ForceLieutenant-General John Hely-Hutchinson3rd (Foreign) BrigadeBrigadier-General John Stuart Stuart's (Minorca) Regiment 690 De Roll's Regiment 383 Dillon's Regiment 393 Watteville's Regiment 5724th BrigadeBrigadier-General John Hope 8th Regiment of Foot 285 18th Regiment of Foot 293 79th Regiment of Foot 434 90th Regiment of Foot 4375th BrigadeBrigadier-General John Doyle 30th Regiment of Foot 269 50th Regiment of Foot 337 89th Regiment of Foot 311 92nd Regiment of Foot 4146th BrigadeBrigadier-General John Blake 1st Battalion, 20th Regiment of Foot 604 2nd Battalion, 20th Regiment of Foot 484 24th Regiment of Foot 438 Ancient Irish Fencibles 420ReserveMajor-General John MooreBrigadier-General Hildebrand Oakes 2nd Regiment of Foot 327 28th Regiment of Foot 338 42nd Regiment of Foot 490 58th Regiment of Foot 238 40th Regiment of Foot flank companies 146 23rd Regiment of Foot 343 Hompesch's Hussars 397 Chasseurs Britanniques 595 Corsican Rangers 60Cavalry 26th Light DragoonsRosetta ForceCavalry 11th Light Dragoons 12th Light Dragoons 22nd Light DragoonsInfantry13th Regiment of Foot

Notes

References

Barthorp, Michael. Napoleon's Egyptian Campaigns 1798-1801, Osprey Publishing, 1992. Downs, Jonathan. Discovery at Rosetta. Skyhorse Publishing, 2008 Lynne, John A. "Toward an Army of Honor: The Moral Evolution of the French Army, 1789-1815." French Historical Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1. (Spring, 1989)

Smith, D. The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill Books, 1998. Wilson, Robert Thomas. History of the British expedition to Egypt. 4th ed. London: Military Library, 1803 Text at Google Books

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