Carleson is a Swedish patronymic surname. Notable people with the surname include:
C. N. Carleson (1865–1929), Swedish politician Edvard Carleson (1820–1884), Swedish politician Lennart Carleson (born 1928), Swedish mathematician Per Carleson (1917–2004), Swedish fencer Robert B. Carleson (1931–2006), American presidential advisor
See also Carlson