Saint Anne's Guild (also spelt gild) was a medieval religious guild in Dublin, Ireland. It is noteworthy among such guilds for the considerable documentary evidence extant and for having survived as a Roman Catholic lay association until the eighteenth century.
Origin Father Myles Ronan, in his essay 'Dublin Medieval guilds', found in The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume XXVI, July to December 1925, states:
The guilds filled gaps in the social fabric not provided for by the systems of agricultural life, military defence or the Church. Guilds were unmentioned in Ireland before the Norman Conquest of 1169–71. To devote money to education or religion, the Irish nobility had to obtain permission from the English Crown. Guilds fell into two classes: social-religious, and Dublin trade guilds. The latter were either merchant guilds and craft guilds. Although both classes were present in the thirteenth century, they abounded in the period between the fourteenth and the sixteenth century. Many were set up shortly before the Reformation. They received royal charters that enabled them to hold property and devote some of it to the upkeep of a chapel and chaplain. This was a corporate imitation of the foundation of the chantry, which was made by private and wealthy individuals. On the religious side, the two classes of guilds had much in common.
From the Middle Ages the bakers' guild of Dublin was devoted to St. Anne, and represented her story at Mystery plays and during the triennial "Walking the Franchises" march around the city's limits. In 1528 the bakers represented Ceres at the Corpus Christi play for variety."EARLY ENGLISH POETRY, BALLADS, AND POPULAR LITERATURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES" The Percy Society, London 1846, Vol. 19., intro, p. xxxiii. After the Reformation in Ireland (1533–70) members of trade guilds such as the bakers had to join the Church of Ireland. They sent four legislators to the former Dublin Corporation, which divided the purely religious guild that was mostly Roman Catholic from the trade guild that had to become Protestant. Into the 1700s the bakers were always described as the "Guild of St. Anne". St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street (founded in 1720) still provides free loaves of bread on a "bread shelf" for hungry Dubliners that are given daily by the city's bakers.
In religious matters, the medieval trade and religious guilds had many things in common, but their primary purposes were distinct. Religious Guilds were fraternities of lay men and women, formed in many parishes for exclusively religious purposes. The only known guilds in the Dublin diocese were St. Anne's, in the church of St. Audoen; St. Sythe in the church of St. Michan; Corpus Christi, in St. Michael's on the Hill; St. George's, in George's Lane; St. Mary's in Balrothery; St. Mary's, at Mulhuddart; St. Canice's, at Hollywood, North Dublin, and St. John the Baptist's, in St. John's Church, Fishamble Street. Records of only St. Anne's and a few St. George's survive.
Records/deeds St. Anne's records form a portion of what is known as the 'Halliday Collection' in the Royal Irish Academy. Among the 160 extant deeds, one is numbered 831, indicating that many more once were. No other extant deed has a number greater than 600. A volume of abstracts of 841 documents was made in 1772 by James Goddard, clerk of the guild, among the Gilbert MSS.
The guild acquired extensive property in the city and county of Dublin and elsewhere. Although the guild was not founded until 1430, some of the title deeds of its subsequently acquired property extend as far back as 1285, and continue until 1740. The fate of the rest of the records is unknown. After the Reformation it became safer to conceal or destroy incriminating documents, because of inquiries by the Established Church and Government. It had been suspected that the trusts impressed on the guild were not carried out.
Lancelot Bulkeley, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin, may have preserved the deeds in the academy. James I and Charles I tried to investigate the guild and its alleged, illegal procedures. The eagerness of Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, a minister of Charles I, in searching into the affairs of the fraternity may have hastened his end.
St. Anne's Chapel
The devotion in Dublin became so popular that in a Provincial Council on 21 March 1352, under Archbishop de St. Paul, 26 July festival of St. Anne was ordered to be celebrated as a double, and the people to refrain from labour and attend their parish churches. Thus it became a holiday of obligation, along with the festivals of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Translation of Thomas Becket, and St. Katherine who was a virgin and martyr. It was further ordered that curates, on pain of excommunication, if they performed not the proper services on these days, were to procure them within six months. On St. Anne's Day, the service for St. Mary Magdalene was to be used mutatis mutandis. When the religious guild was to be established in 1430 in St. Audoen's, it was natural to find its patron in St. Anne.
In 1430 Henry VI, by letters patent dated 16 December, with the assent of Richard Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin and Justiciar of Ireland, granted licence to found a chantry in St Audoen's Church and to endow a chapel and guild.
The guild was to support six chantry priests, one to celebrate in a chapel that was to be built and dedicated to St. Anne, one in the Lady Chapel, and one at each of the four altars above named, for the souls of the king, founders, and brethren, etc., and it was allowed to receive income up to 100 marks (£66 13s. 4d. equivalent to about £1,000 before 1939) yearly for their maintenance.
St. Anne's Chapel was erected at the south side of the nave, running parallel to it as far as the chancel. The south wall was taken down, and six new pillars formed five bays, causing the chapel to become the south aisle of the church. Later, this aisle was continued eastwards by the erection of the Portlester Chapel, and forming a church of 'two aisles'.
Unfortunately, no other records of the other religious guilds survive, with the exception of the original charters of St. Sythe's and St. George's.
Procedures Each of the six chaplains of this guild had an altar or chapel assigned to him on appointment, where he celebrated daily and served in the choir. It would seem that even on 'feryall' days, there was a Missa Cantata, the Mary Mass, at which they were bound to assist, and on Fridays at the Jesus Mass. They were also bound to assist at all services on principal feasts and holidays.
They had the assistance of the two clerks attached to the church, one of whom sang and played at the organs, at all those services, for which he received a special annuity of £8 (£120 before 1939), and half of the profit of the 'bells and church cake'. The other clerk was appointed to assist the chaplains by singing and reading in choir daily at divine service at a salary of 7 marks. Every second week he caused fire and water to be brought, rang the bells, and accompanied the parish priest or curate in visiting the sick. He was granted the other half profit of the church cake, bells and 'mind' money.
Separate chambers were allotted to the chantry priests, and the average yearly salary pertaining to their office appears to have been 8 marks (£80 before 1939). The senior clerk received about £40 (before 1939) a year more than any of the chaplains. Board was provided —'a table honestly found, according to the degree of a priest'.
They had life tenure, 'as well in sickness as in health, as far forth as God would give grace and bodily health'. The guild paid for all accoutrements necessary for singing Mass—bread, wine, wax, chalice, Mass-book, vestments, etc., while the priests agreed to sing at all divine services, so far as their learning and 'conyng' extended, unless special leave was granted, and not to relinquish their posts except on promotion to benefices.
Housing Chambers were allotted in houses near the church. The 'chamber of St. Mary's chaplain', was mentioned as standing by the stile at the corner of Audoen's Lane and Cornmarket. In 1534 they moved into a single building, which became known as the college. This had been known as Blakeney's Inns, with turret and garden. James Blakeney conveyed it to the guild. It occupied the site on which the present Catholic St. Audoen's now stands.
Special apartments were assigned to each chaplain, and were known as the 'second tower of Blakeney's Inns', the 'fourth chamber', etc.. The guild paid for repair and maintenance. The chaplains planted hedges around the college, constructed buildings, and built 'St. Anne's Workhouse', which was evidently a special workshop for the men employed by the guild in connection with its property in the neighbourhood.
The presence of a school was suggested by Joan Douce' will (381) which left 2s. to the four scholars in St. Audoen's church, and a person named Codde bequeathed 4 marks for a two-year exhibition in the schools. These may have been for the choristers attached to the church.
Commerce The guild accumulated property between 1430 and 1558, through bequests and donations. Houses, rents and lands were deeded to it, many of which remain in the guild collection.
The guild sometimes carried on a kind of co-operation in commerce. One deed (No. 1 in Calendar) Robert Dovedall, a knight, gave 100 marks to be disposed of in merchandise, iron and salt being mentioned as the probable commodities.
The trustees were to ensure security for the trust. Out of every 12d. increase or yearly profit on the 100 marks' over and above the 1½d., went to the merchant in charge of the commodities for the time being. The goods were loaned to some guild members. The grantor's cousins or allies were to receive preference for the loan, provided they gave the usual collateral. Recipients paid interest on the value. But the master and wardens could choose to invest the money in lands in a 'good part of the country'. This lending system was also found in the religious guild of St. Mary at Cambridge. These arrangements prefigured more recent cooperative and tontine societies, as well as Bona Mors associations.
Rituals The handling of a death was of supreme importance. Each departed villager received special remembrance on the 'mind' or anniversary day. A book of obituaries was probably kept, as in the case of Christ Church. St. Anne's recorded special deeds drawn up by the merchants and others, who could afford the expense, by which the donor bestowed on the guild certain premises in the city, or outside, on condition that the priests maintained on St. Anne's 'Rent' should, yearly, in St. Audoen's, on a certain Sunday, observe same, with solemn Mass, by plainsong, or, as it is again called, Requiem Mass by note, with five 'pryketts' (torches) of wax burning. And on the Saturday previous, the Dirige was to be sung, with the same wax lights, and, according to the 'old laudable custom', the city bellman (polictor) was to go to the old station-places appointed in the city to 'bid' a Pater Noster and Ave for the said deceased. Some parishioners were buried in one of the chantry chapels, beneath the groundsill. It does not appear that every member had this right. Benefactors, funders if special chantry priests and guild chaplains left specific directions as to which chapel—St. Clare, St. Mary, etc.—they wished to be buried in.
Investigations