The Korean won ( , ) or Korean Empire won (), was the official currency of the Korean Empire between 1900 and 1910. It was subdivided into 100 jeon ( ; , ).
Etymology
Won is a cognate of the Chinese yuan and Japanese yen, which were both derived from the Spanish-American silver dollar. It is derived from the hanja (, won), meaning "round", which describes the shape of the silver dollar.
History
The Korean won, Chinese yuan and Japanese yen were all derived from the Spanish-American silver dollar, a coin widely used for international trade between Asia and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries.
On May 22, 1901 the Korean Empire adopted the gold standard in response to many other countries doing the same. The won was introduced in 1902, replacing the yang at a rate of 1 won = 10 yang. Units: 1 won = 100 jeon (錢), 1 jeon = 5 bun (分, "fun" ec. yesteryear spellings) of the preceding currency. Gold coins were produced in the denominations of 5, 10, and 20 won. All of these coins had a composition of 90% gold and 10% copper. Another notable feature of these coins is that they, unlike the earlier yang coinage, contained no English inscriptions as they only contained Chinese and Hangul legends.
As a part of the Russian influence in Korea at the time, the Koreans introduced a small number of "Russified" coins between the years 1901 and 1902, but these coins would prove to be unsuccessful as they were swept away by the flood of cupronickel coins.
The disagreements between the Japanese and Russian Empires led to the Russo-Japanese War when Japan attacked Port Arthur in Russian Dalian and Incheon in Korea, the war ended in a Japanese victory, Japan occupied the Kwantung Leased Territory and the Korean Peninsula. The Japanese immediately took control over Korean financial matters. On October 16, 1904 the Koreans accepted Baron Megata Tanetarō from the Japanese Ministry of Finance as financial adviser to their government, Megata was assigned to assume complete jurisdiction over Korea's finances. When Megata arrived in Korea, he told Sir John Newell Jordan, the British Minister-Resident in Korea at the time, that the Japanese protectorate over Korea was being modeled on British rule in Egypt. One of the first recommendations by Baron Megata was to close all Korean Mints and commence a reform of the Korean currency. One of the primary policies he proposed was removing the cupronickel coins from circulation.
After the Japanese had pressured the Korean Mint Bureau, which had been striking coins for 20 years, to close in November of the year 1904, all gold coins of the won were produced at the Japan Mint in Osaka (日本大阪造幣局). In 1905 the Japan Mint began to produce the Korean won's new coinage, this entirely new series was modeled almost exactly on the patterns of contemporary Japanese coins and even used the same planchets.
As the coins of the Korean won were being struck on the same planchets as the Japanese yen, when the Japanese would reduce the weight of the minor coinages of the yen in 1906, the weights and sizes of Korean coins were also reduced in 1907. This was also because the Japanese and Korean coins were circulating as equivalents to each other in exchange at the time.
In the year 1907 the imperial Korean government had designated the Japanese Dai-Ichi Bank to carry out the monetary reforms that were suggested by the Japanese adviser to Korea Baron Megata Tanetarō. The Dai-Ichi Bank attempted to withdraw the cupronickel coinage, recall the yeopjeon, and help circulate the newly introduced coinage that was minted in Osaka. During this era Korean cash coins were still largely circulating in the regions of southern and north-eastern Korea. The task of withdrawing the cupronickel coinage from circulation proved to not be an easy one because of the substantial number of counterfeit cupronickel coins that were circulating in Korea at the time, these counterfeit coins were redeemed by the Dai-Ichi Bank at reduced rates from the "official" cupronickel coins; during the exchange process, it was assumed by everybody that theirs cupronickel were "official" cupronickel coins and demanded the maximum exchange rate. The withdrawal of copper-alloy Korean cash coins was made easier due to a global rise in the price of copper, during this era thousands of pounds of copper-alloy Korean cash coins were exported at a profit.
In the year 1908, Korea was hit by a panic when the value of nickel dropped significantly, this led to the Korean public quickly exchanging their cupronickel at the banks. A staggering amount of 266.480,000 of cupronickel coins were exchanged during this panic. This panic would lead to the demonetisation of the Korean cupronickel coinage in November 1908. In the year 1909 there were supposedly 4,000,000 of 5 jeon nickel coins that were struck at the Japan Mint, however, most were melted down due to their demonetised status. Copper coins during this period were not affected by the panic exchange. Older coins collected by the banks from July 1905 to October 1907 resulted to be more than 375 tonnes. If it assumed that only cupronickel 5 fun coins of 7 grams were collected by the banks, more than 53,000,000 would have been collected from general circulation.GXSeries.com - Korean coin type set (1888 - 1910) . Retrieved: 17 October 2019.
After 1908, circulation of the old cupronickel coins was outlawed by the imperial Korean government, while the cast copper-alloy cash coins remained to be legal tender in Korea at a value of 0.2 jeon, which meant that they had a nominal value of won.
Prince Hirobumi Ito pointed out to the Korean government the anomalous situation of having a foreign (Japanese) commercial bank as the central bank of their government and recommended that the Koreans create their own central bank in the same way that others nations had, and so in 1909, the Bank of Korea () was founded in Seoul as a central bank and began issuing currency of a modern type. And on 10 November 1909 many of the functions of the Dai-Ichi Bank were passed onto the newly established Bank of Korea.
The Bank of Korea assumed responsibility for the banknotes issued by the Dai-Ichi Bank that were still in circulation (which totalled 12,000,000 yen), the Dai-Ichi Bank would further transfer to the Bank of Korea the 4,000,000 yen in specie reserves which backed its banknotes. The balance was converted by the Bank of Korea to an interest-free 20-year loan to the Dai-Ichi Bank.
In the year 1910 the Japanese had formally annexed Korea, this meant that Korea's native currency system would become an arm of the Japanese currency system. As a part of the reforms of Korea during the colonial period Korean coinage was suspended; Japanese coinage was then introduced to the peninsula to replace it, although the Japanese created no "crash" program of recall, nine years later in 1919 as much as 25% of all Korean won coins remained in circulation as only 75% of the Korean coinage had been withdrawn by the Japanese.
The won was equivalent to the Japanese yen and was replaced by the Korean yen in 1910 during the Colonial Era. In 1911, the Bank of Korea was renamed the Bank of Chōsen (; 朝鮮銀行), which issued notes denominated in yen and sen.
Coins
Coins were minted in the denominations of , 1, 5, 10 and 20 jeon, , 5, 10 and 20 won. The coins all carried the title of the "state", Daehan (), and the Korean era name, Gwangmu () and then Yunghui (), whilst the specifications were equivalent to the coins of the Japanese yen.
In 1906 Korea's first gold coinage was created, in denominations of 5 won, 10 won, and 20 won. These coins were also of identical weight and fineness to their Japanese counterparts, but used a dragon which was similar to the previous generation of Japanese yen gold coins in their designs.
The dragon symbol was replaced by the phoenix on the jeon, 1 jeon, and 5 jeon coins when these coins started being produced by the Japan Mint.
List of coins of the Korean won:
Korean Won Coins Obverse Reverse Denomination Composition Diameter(in millimeters) Weight(in grams) Thickness(in millimeters) Years of production jeon(半錢)Numista - Chon (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019. 95% copper,4% tin,1% zinc 21.9(1906)19.1(1907–1910) 3.4(1906)2.1(1907–1910) 1.5(1906)1(1907–1910) 1906–1910 1 jeon(一錢) 98% copper,1% tin,1% zinc 28(1905–1906)22.5(1907–1910) 7.1(1905–1906)4.1(1907–1910) 1.5(1905–1906)1(1907–1910) 1905–1910 5 jeon(五錢) Cupronickel(75% copper and 25% nickel) 20.8 4 2 1905, 1907, and 1909 10 jeon(十錢)Numista - 10 Chon (Gwang Mu) 10 (1906) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019.Numista - 10 Chon (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019.Numista - 10 Chon (Yung Hee) 2-4 (1908-1910). Retrieved: 16 October 2019. 80% silver,20% copper 17.6 2.5,2.25(1907 only) 1.5 1906–1910 20 jeon(二十錢)Numista - 20 Chon (Gwang Mu) 9-10 (1905-1906) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019.Numista - 20 Chon (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019.Numista - 20 Chon (Yung Hee) 2-4 (1908-1910) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019. 22.8(1905–1906)20.3(1907–1910) 5.4(1905–1906)4(1907–1910) 1.5 1905–1910 won(半圜)Numista - Won (Gwang Mu) 9-10 (1905-1906) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019.Numista - Won (Gwang Mu) 11 (1907) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019.Numista - Won (Yung Hee) 2 (1908) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019. 31(1905–1906)27.5(1907–1908) 13.5(1905–1906)10.13(1907–1908) 2 1905–1908 5 won(五圜)Numista - 5 Won (Yung Hee) 2-3 (1908-1909) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019. 90% gold,10% copper 17 4.1666 1 1908–1909 10 won(十圜)Numista - 10 Won (Gwang Mu) 10 (1906) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019.Numista - 10 Won (Yung Hee) 3 (1909) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019. 21.2 8.3 1.5 1906 and 1909 20 won(二十圜)Numista - 20 Won (Gwang Mu) 10 (1906) . Retrieved: 16 October 2019.Numista - 20 Won (Yung Hee) 2-3 (1908-1909). Retrieved: 16 October 2019. 28.8 16.667 2 1906, 1908, and 1909
Rare coins
There is some question as to whether or not any jeon coins were minted in the year Gwangmu 11. The jeon coins minted in the years 1907 (隆熙元年) and 1910 (隆熙四年) are known to be very scarce. In September 2011 a 5 jeon coin from 1909 was at auction for $138,000. The 5 won gold coins are dated to have been produced in the years 1908 (隆熙二年) and 1909 (隆熙三年). Only two known pieces of the 1909 version of the 5 won are known to be extent, one of these pieces was sold at an auction for $460,000 in September 2011. The 10 won gold coins are dated to have been produced in the years 1906 (光武十年) and 1909 (隆熙三年). Only two known pieces of the 1909 version of the coin are known to be extent with one specimen of this series being sold at an auction for $299,000 in September 2011. The 20 won gold coins are dated to have been produced in the years 1906 (光武十年), 1908 (隆熙二年), and 1909 (隆熙三年). Only two specimens of the 1909 coin are known to be extent with one specimen of this series being sold at an auction for $632,500 in September 2011.
Banknotes
No banknotes were issued denominated in won. However, Korean yen notes were issued by Dai-Ichi Ginko (First National Bank (of Japan), 주식회사제일은행, 株式會社第一銀行). The Dai-Ichi Bank's role as treasury bank for the imperial Korean government, its responsibility for recalling the old cupronickel and Korean cash coinage, and the fact that this bank issued the only banknotes that ever gained universal acceptance in Korea at the time emphasised the fact that the Dai-Ichi Bank held a status of being the de facto "Central Bank of Korea" until the founding of the Bank of Korea.