A86 autoroute

The A86 (sometimes called "Paris super-périphérique") is the second ring road around Paris, France. It follows an irregular path around Paris with the distance from the city centre (Notre Dame) varying in the range. The south-western section of A86 contains one of Europe's longest urban motorway tunnels ( of continuous tunnel) known as the , opened in two parts in 2009 and 2011. The tunnel is limited to a height of and commercial vehicles are prohibited as a result.

Although now a complete motorway-standard loop, the A86 is a product of its heavily urban route and piecemeal construction, meaning that there are several points at which one has to turn-off-to-stay-on (TOTSO) and sections which are briefly parts of the A3 and A4 autoroutes.

A86 is one of several ring roads that surrounds Paris and Île-de-France. The other ring roads are the Boulevard Périphérique, the Francilienne, and the grand contournement de Paris.

History

Background The first Paris beltway projects stretching several miles beyond the walls of the city began in the early 20th century. In the 1910s, Eugène Hénard proposed a ring road known as the "route des forts". This would have connected the fortifications surrounding the city which would thereafter have been replaced by parks. Several proposals advanced during the 1919 concours du Grand Paris (Greater Paris contest), including those of contest winner Leon Jaussely and runner-up Alfred Agache, similarly advanced the idea of a banlieue connected by a beltway. Agache's submission encircled the capital in three such roads, all connected by a series of radial expressways.

Between 1932 and 1934, Henri Prost developed the Prost plan, an urban infrastructure expansion roadmap for the region of Île-de-France. The plan introduced several radial expressways, such as the A12 and A13 highways' connection at the Triangle de Rocquencourt. All such expressways were connected by a series of bypasses which formed a loop several miles outside the city.

In 1932, was articulated as the main route from Versailles to Choisy-le-Roi. Gradual modifications developed it into a full loop which was relatively far from the city but not classified as an expressway.

Construction

Construction on the A86 ring road began in 1968. By 1994, of expressway were open to traffic. At the time, the following sections were opened: Nanterre–La Courneuve, Bondy–Thiais, and Antony–Versailles. By 2000, an additional of expressway were open, with the only remaining section between Rueil-Malmaison and Vélizy-Villacoublay.

Duplex A86 construction The remaining section west of Paris would have to traverse through neighborhoods as well as environmentally and culturally sensitive areas. In 1988, Cofiroute conceived a tunnel along the said section. In 1999, Cofiroute was granted a construction contract and a 75-year concession to build and operate the tunnel, respectively. By that point, the tunnel was to be built as a single-tube double-deck tunnel. "EMMA", a tunnel boring machine (TBM) with a diameter, was utilized to dig the tunnel. As a consequence of the Mont Blanc Tunnel fire, the tunnel was equipped with safety measures, including separating carriageways into separate decks.

The tunnel was divided into two sections, each of which were dug and opened in two different periods. Tunneling on the northern section (Rueil-Malmaison–A13) and the southern section (A13–Vélizy-Villacoublay) occurred in 2000–2003 and in 2005–2007, respectively. The northern section opened on 25 June 2009 and the southern section on 9 January 2011.

Duplex A86

The Duplex A86 is a motorway tunnel in Paris, which forms part of the A86. Unlike most tunnels, this one is a single tube, double deck tunnel. (Captions are in English) It opened in two stages: the northern section (Rueil-Malmaison–A13) opened on 25 June 2009 and the southern section (A13–Vélizy-Villacoublay) on 9 January 2011. It was initially open between 06:00 and 22:00. From 1 September 2009, it became operational 24/7.

Due to the nature of this tunnel, it has a height restriction of which precludes large vehicles using the tunnel and has a speed limit of . Motorcycles and vehicles with dangerous goods are also not permitted.

Other ring roads Other ring roads surrounding Paris or Île-de-France besides the A86 include the following: Boulevard Périphérique, a ring road that demarcates the city limits of Paris. The Francilienne, a partially completed ring road of approximately in diameter and in length The Grand contournement de Paris, which are two wide loops bypassing Paris.

List of exits and junctions

{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" |- !scope=col|Region !scope=col|Department !scope=col|Junction !scope=col|Destinations !scope=col|Notes |- |rowspan="71"|Île-de-France |rowspan="14"|Hauts-de-Seine | A14 - A86 |Poissy, Saint-Germain-en-Laye , Rouen (A13)La Défense, Paris - Porte Maillot

|Nanterre - Parc, Nanterre - Préfecture

|Colombes - Z. I. de la Seine, Colombes - Petit Colombes, La Garenne-Colombes, Bezons |Signed as exits 2a (Colombes) and 2b (Bezons) clockwise |- |colspan="3" style="text-align:center; |

|Colombes - Europe, Parc départemental Pierre-Lagravère, Argenteuil - Val-Notre-Dame

|Argenteuil (Centre), Colombes (Centre, Parc d'Activités Kléber), Bois-Colombes

|Gennevilliers |Clockwise exit and counterclockwise entrance

|Gennevilliers - Port, Gennevilliers - Le Luth

|Gennevilliers |Counterclockwise exit only

|Gennevilliers, Villeneuve-la-Garenne - Z. I., Parc des Chantereines, Gennevilliers - Parc d'activités

|Paris - Porte de la Chapelle, Saint-Denis |Clockwise exit and counterclockwise entrance

|Paris - Porte de Clignancourt, Saint-Ouen, Saint-Denis - Porte de Paris |Counterclockwise exit and clockwise entrance

|Paris - Porte d'Aubervilliers, Saint-Denis - La Plaine, La Courneuve, Aubervilliers

|Aubervilliers, Saint-Denis - Franc-Moisin

| A16 (A1) - A86 |Lille, Le Bourget, Ch-de-Gaulle |Clockwise exit and counterclockwise entrance

|Saint-Denis - centre, Saint-Denis - Universités, La Courneuve |Counterclockwise exit and clockwise entrance

|Paris - Porte de la Villette, La Courneuve, Le Bourget, Le Blanc-Mesnil

|Bobigny, Hôpital Avicenne, Drancy, Pantin, Paris - Porte de Pantin

|Bobigny

|Centre commercial régional, Noisy-le-Sec |No clockwise entrance

|Rosny-sous-Bois - centre, Montreuil - La Boissière, Le Raincy, Villemomble |Signed as exit 17 clockwise

|Chelles, Fontenay-sous-Bois, Le Perreux-sur-Marne

|Nogent-sur-Marne, Champigny-sur-Marne, Reims, Metz, Nancy, Marne-la-Vallée (A4), A5 |Clockwise exit and counterclockwise entrance |- |colspan="3" style="text-align:center; | overlaps and becomes |- | A4 - A86 |Lille (A1), Bobigny, Nogent-sur-Marne, Champigny-sur-Marne, Metz, Nancy, Marne-la-ValléeParis - Porte de Bercy, Charenton-le-Pont, Ivry-sur-Seine, Saint-Maurice

|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; | becomes again

|Maisons-Alfort, Créteil - C.H.U. Henri Mondor, Créteil - Église, Créteil - Bordière

| RD 1 - A86 |Créteil - centre |Clockwise exit and counterclockwise entrance

|Créteil - centre, Troyes (A5), Sénart, Valenton, Bonneuil, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Parc Interdépartemental des Sports

|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; |

|Vitry-sur-Seine, Paris - Porte de Choisy, Choisy-le-Roi, Thiais - centre, Alfortville

|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; | becomes

|Centre Commerciaux, Sénia

|Choisy-le-Roi, Thiais - Grignon |Counterclockwise exit and clockwise entrance

|Centre Commercial Régional, Centre Routier, M.I.N., Orly - Ville, Sogaris, Orly, Chevilly-Larue, Villejuif

|L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Rungis - Ville, SILIC de Rungis, M.I.N.

| A6b - RN 186 |Paris, Lyon, Évry, Palaiseau, Bordeaux, Nantes (A10)

|L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Chevilly-Larue, Fresnes

|rowspan="2"|Hauts-de-Seine | |Paris - Porte d'Orléans, Antony, Sceaux, Bourg-la-Reine

|rowspan="5"|Hauts-de-Seine | |Châtenay-Malabry - Haut, Le Plessis-Robinson - Boursidières, Le Plessis-Robinson - centre

|(A6 - A10), Clamart, Z. A. Villacoublay, Bièvres, Igny (RN 118) |Clockwise exit and Counterclockwise entrance

|Bois de Verrières |Counterclockwise exit and entrance

|Clamart, Châtillon, Paris - Porte de Châtillon |Signed as exit 30 clockwise

| RN 12 - A86 |Versailles - centre, Porchefontaine, Plaisir, Dreux, Rouen (A13), Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Rambouillet (A12)

|Rouen, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris - Porte d'Auteuil

|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;|Duplex becomes again

|Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Rueil-Malmaison, Bougival, La Celle-Saint-Cloud, Versailles

|Chatou, Rueil - 2000 |Signed as exits 35a (Chatou) and 35b (Rueil 2000) counterclockwise

|Nanterre

See also Boulevard Périphérique Francilienne

References

External links

Official Website of the A86 West Tunnel System

A86 autoroute

Bron en licentie