Radnor or New Radnor (also called the Radnor District of Boroughs or Radnor Boroughs, especially after 1832) was a constituency in Wales between 1542 and 1885; it elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliaments of England (1542–1707), Great Britain (1707–1800) and the United Kingdom (1801–1885), by the first past the post electoral system. In the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the division was merged into Radnorshire.

Some very notable politicians represented the constituency in the House of Commons, including Robert Harley, later Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, and the Marquess of Hartington, later 8th Duke of Devonshire.

History

Composition of the borough before the Reform Act As elsewhere in Wales, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 provided Radnorshire with two members of parliament: one represented the county, and the other a borough constituency named after the county town but including other "contributory boroughs" who were jointly responsible for providing for the upkeep of the MP and, in return, were granted a say in his election. In both cases, the first return of a member was to the Parliament of 1542.

In Tudor times, seven towns apart from New Radnor itself seem to have been regarded at least occasionally as contributory boroughs: Cefnllys, Knighton, Knucklas, Norton, Painscastle, Presteigne and Rhayader. However, by the late 17th century, the exact rights were disputed, and the position was argued before a House of Commons committee after petitions against the result of elections in 1689 and 1690. The committee disallowed the votes from Presteigne and Painscastle (there seem to have been none from Norton to disallow), and thereafter the borough consisted only of New Radnor, Cefnllys, Knighton, Knucklas and Rhayader.

Franchise and character of the constituency The right to vote in each of the component boroughs was restricted to the freemen of each town, who did not have to be resident within the borough to vote. The result was that honorary freemen were created solely to swing parliamentary elections, and the inhabitants of the towns which made up the constituency rarely had much say in the choice of MP. This abuse was well established in Radnor by the end of the 17th century (as in other constituencies, both in Wales and England, where honorary freemen could vote), and eventually broke the previously established domination of the Harley family over the constituency; but it was still a matter of grievance to the town in 1779, when the inhabitants complained of it to the House of Commons.

At New Radnor, the town corporation controlled the creation of freemen, but the Steward of the King's Manors had the corresponding power at Knighton, Rhayader and Knucklas. These two sources of power competed with the other main landed interest, that of the Price family, for domination of Radnor elections in the 18th century, but it was the Steward who generally got his way. Henry Lewis was steward from 1746 until his death in 1768 and his brother, Thomas Lewis, was MP from 1715 to 1761 (when he was unseated by the House of Commons because of technical errors in the registration of the freemen that supported himPage 278, Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (2nd edition – London: St Martin's Press, 1957)).

The new steward was the Earl of Oxford, but he was unable immediately to take control as the Freemen (Admission) Act 1763 (3 Geo. 3. c. 15) prevented honorary freeman from voting within a year of their creation; however, it transpired that Henry Lewis's patent as Steward had not been properly renewed on the accession of George III in 1760, so that all his more recent creations of freemen were invalid. This immediately undermined Thomas Lewis's majority, and at the 1768 election), although Thomas's son John was declared elected by the returning officer, the result was overturned on petition, the votes of the faultily-created freemen were disallowed, and his opponent Edward Lewis (no relation) was declared elected instead.

By 1774, Oxford's newly created freemen were qualified to vote, but the returning officer (remaining loyal to Thomas Lewis) attempted to disallow the votes of all non-resident freemen. Once more the defeated Edward Lewis petitioned against the result, and was once more successful, the committee deciding that the non-resident freemen of New Radnor and Cefnllys were not entitled to vote but that those of the other three boroughs were; and even in New Radnor and Cefnllys the rights of the non-residents seem to have been restored at the following election. In 1780, the returning officer made a double return, and the Commons decided again in Edward Lewis's favour. From this point onwards, for at least the next thirty years, the Earl's right (and that of his son) to be considered "patron" of the constituency was unchallenged; when in 1790 he withdrew his support from Edward Lewis and instead backed David Murray, Murray defeated Lewis by a two-to-one margin. However, in the last two decades before Reform Richard Price (already the sitting MP) had expanded his personal and family influence sufficiently to be sure of re-election independent of the Oxford interest.

The nature of the franchise dictated that the electorate of the constituency fluctuated considerably over the years, rising when a new creation of freemen was needed to change the balance of voting power, dwindling when the majority was secure since fewer voters made elections cheaper and the constituency easier to manage. In the 1750s there were around 1,000 qualified voters, and as late as 1790 a total of 922 – mostly non-residents – turned out to vote; but the only contested election between then and 1869 was the general election of 1820, when only 268 voters polled.

Reform and abolition By 1831, none of the component boroughs was of any considerable size: New Radnor had a population of approximately 2,500, Knighton of 1,076, Rhayader of 669, Knucklas of 236 and Cefnllys of only 28. Under the Great Reform Act the constituency kept its one MP, but Presteigne (which had for centuries been recognised as the county town) was added as a contributory borough, and Rhayader's boundaries were slightly extended. This raised the total population of the constituency to around 6,355, and under the revised franchise there were 529 electors on the register at the 1832 election.

In the entire period between the first and second Reform Acts there was no contested election for the Radnor boroughs. The 1868 reforms doubled the electorate, and from this point onwards the constituency proved a safe seat for the Liberal candidate whenever a contest was held.

The constituency was abolished in the redistribution of seats in 1885, being merged into the Radnorshire county constituency.

Members of Parliament

1542–1640

ParliamentMember1545 Thomas Lewis1547 Thomas Lewis1553 (Mar) not known1553 (Oct) Rhys Lewis1554 (Apr) Robert Vaughan1554 (Nov) Robert Vaughan1555 Richard Blike1558 Rhys Lewis1559 Robert Vaughan1562–3 Morgan Price1571 Rhys Lewis II1572 Watkin Vaughan1584 Hugh Davies1586 Hugh Davies1588 James Walter1593 Thomas Crompton1597 Edward Lewis1601 Stephen Price1604–1611 Sir Robert Harley1614 Rowland Meyrick1621–1629 Charles Price1629–1640 No Parliaments summoned

1640–1885 ElectionMemberParty April 1640 Richard Jones November 1640 Philip Warwick Royalist February 1644Warwick disabled to sit – seat vacant 1647 Robert Harley December 1648Harley excluded in Pride's Purge – seat vacant1653Radnor was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliamentand the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate January 1659 Robert Weaver May 1659Unrepresented in the restored RumpApril 1660 Robert Harley 1661 Edward Harley 1679 Griffith Jones 1681 Sir John Morgan 1685 Owen Wynne 1689 Richard Williams March 1690 Sir Rowland GwynneGwynne was initially declared the victor at the 1690 election, but on petition the towns of Presteigne and Painscastle were declared not to have the right to vote, and Gwynne's opponent Harley was declared duly elected instead November 1690 Robert Harley Country Whig 1711 Lord Harley Tory 1715 Thomas Lewis Whig 1761 Edward Lewis Tory 1768 John LewisOn petition following the 1768 election, John Lewis was declared not to have been duly elected and his opponent, Edward Lewis, was seated in his place 1769 Edward Lewis 1774 John LewisOn petition following the 1774 election, John Lewis was declared not to have been duly elected and his opponent, Edward Lewis, was seated in his place 1775 Edward Lewis 1780 John LewisOn petition following the 1780 election, John Lewis was declared not to have been duly elected and his opponent, Edward Lewis, was seated in his place 1781 Edward Lewis 1790 David Murray 1794 Viscount Malden 1799 Richard Price Tory 1834 Conservative 1847 Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis Peelite 1855 Sir George Cornewall Lewis Whig 1859 Liberal 1863 Richard Green-Price Liberal 1869 Marquess of HartingtonHartington was re-elected in 1880, but had also been elected for North East Lancashire, which he chose to represent, and did not sit again for the Radnor boroughs Liberal 1880 by-election Samuel Williams Liberal 1884 by-election Charles RogersLiberal1885 Constituency abolished – see Radnorshire

Notes

Election results Elections in the 1830s

Elections in the 1840s

Elections in the 1850s

Lewis' death caused a by-election.

Lewis was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, requiring a by-election.

Lewis was appointed Home Secretary, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1860s Lewis' death caused a by-election.

Green-Price's resignation caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1870s

Elections in the 1880s

Cavendish was also elected MP for North East Lancashire and opted to sit there, causing a by-election.

Williams resigned, causing a by-election.

References

Sources

W. R. Williams The Parliamentary History of the Principality of Wales Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807) D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954) Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989) T. H. B. Oldfield, The Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland (London: Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1816) Edward Porritt and Annie G Porritt, The Unreformed House of Commons (Cambridge University Press, 1903) Robert Walcott, English Politics in the Early Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956)