In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.
Distribution Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 43% of Ulchs, approximately 40% of Nanais, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus. Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 78–84.Noboru Adachi, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Kazuo Umetsu, and Hirofumi Matsumura, "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Jomon Skeletons From the Funadomari Site, Hokkaido, and Its Implication for the Origins of Native American", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138:255–265 (2009)Inoue et al. 2016 It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain Austronesian peoples (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese).
The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the Malay Archipelago contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental Southeast Asia in a manner reminiscent of haplogroup E. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of Koreans and in South Siberian and Central Asian populations with an average frequency of 1%.
The Y2 subclade has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from Nias people in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.Mannis van Oven, Johannes M Hämmerle, Marja van Schoor et al., "Unexpected island effects at an extreme: reduced Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Nias", Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)
Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y PopulationFrequencyCountSourceSubtypesNivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.66156Y1=37Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.65838Y1a=25Ulchi (Old Bulava, New Bulava, Bogorodskoe, and Nizhniy Gavan villages)0.431160Y1a=69Hezhen (China)0.40010HGDP ( Lippold 2014)Y1a=4Indonesian (Nias)0.400440Y2=176Ulch (Old and New Bulava)0.37987Y1=33Negidal0.21233Y1=7Korean (Jeju Island)0.217799Y=173Ainu0.19651Y1=10Korean (Jeju Island)0.168113Y=19Indonesian (Medan, Sumatra)0.16742Y2=7Filipino (Palawan)0.15020Y2=3Even (Berezovka)0.13315Y1a=2Filipino0.12962Y2=8Evenk (Taimyr)0.12524Y1a=3Koryak0.097155Y=15Evenk (Buryatia)0.08945Y=4Udegey (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai)0.08746Y1=4Filipino (Mindanao)0.07170Y2=5Udegey (Gvasyugi, Khabarovsk Krai)0.06531Y1a=2Filipino0.06364Y2=4Indonesian (Pekanbaru, Sumatra)0.05852Y2=3Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Y=1Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Y=1Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Y=1Orok (Sakhalin)0.04961Y=3Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)0.048105Y1a=5Filipino (Luzon)0.045177Y2=8Itelmen0.04347Y=2Daur (Hulunbuir)0.038209Y1a=6, Y2=2Korean (Seoul)0.037134Y=5Mongolian (Dornod Province)0.035370Y1=13Batak (Palawan)0.03231Y2=1Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.03231Y1=1Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.03033Y=1Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.03099Y=3Han Chinese (Heilongjiang)0.030437Y1a(xY1a1)=4, Y1b(xY1b1)=5, Y2=3Korean0.029346Y=10Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.02773Y=2Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.027111Y1a=3Even (Kamchatka)0.02639Y1a=1Mongolian (Khovd Province)0.025429Y1=11Han Chinese (Jilin)0.024381Y1a=3, Y1b=2, Y1b1=3, Y2=1Korean (South Korea)0.023850Y1=10, Y1a=2, Y1b1(xY1b1a)=4, Y2b=4Tajik (Tajikistan)0.02344Y=1Yakut (Central)0.02388Y1a=2Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.02245Y1=1Han Chinese (Anhui)0.022737Y1=1, Y1a=3, Y1a1=3, Y1b=2, Y1b1=4, Y2=3Han (Xinjiang)0.02147Y1=1Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar)0.02147Y1=1Mongolian (Mongolia)0.0192420Y1=39, Y1a=6, Y2=2Korean (South Korea)0.019593Y=2, Y1=9Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.018110Y=2Kazakh (Kazakhstan)0.01855Y1=1Japanese (Tōhoku)0.018336Y=6Korean (Ulsan)0.0171094Y=19Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.01758Y1=1Indonesian (Sulawesi)0.017237Y2=4Han Chinese (Shandong)0.0161844Y=1, Y1=4, Y1a=3, Y1a1=2, Y1b=6, Y1b1=8, Y2=6Han Chinese (Jiangsu)0.0152471Y=4, Y1=1, Y1a(xY1a1)=4, Y1b=4, Y1b1=17, Y1b1a=1, Y2=5Mongolian (Khentii Province)0.015132Y1=2Korean (South Korea)0.015203Y=3Taiwan aborigines0.014640Y=9Buryat (Buryatia)0.014295Y=4Taiwanese0.013152Y=2Indonesian (Adonara)0.01377Y2=1Han Chinese (Beijing)0.013898Y=1, Y1=3, Y1a=2, Y1b1=2, Y2=4Han Chinese (Hebei)0.0131099Y1=2, Y1a=1, Y1a1=2, Y1b=1, Y1b1=2, Y2=6Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province)0.012246Y1=2, Y2=1Indonesian (Bali)0.01282Y2=1Han Chinese (Liaoning)0.012646Y=2, Y1=1, Y1a1=1, Y1b1=2, Y2=2Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)0.012164Y1a=2Chinese0.011263Y=3Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.01191Y=1Korean (South Korea)0.011185Y1=1, Y2=1Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic)0.01098Y1=1Japanese (Miyazaki)0.010100Y=1Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.010103Y=1Korean (South Korea)0.010103Y=1Buryat0.008126Y1=1Tatar (Buinsk, Tatarstan)0.008126Y1b=1Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.008256Y=2Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.007149Y1=1Okinawa0.006326Y=2Japanese0.005211Y=1Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.005217Y=1Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm Oblast)0.005221Y=1Japanese (Japan)0.0051928Y1=2, Y1a=2, Y1b1a=2, Y2=4Japanese (Japan)0.004672Y1b1a=1, Y2b=1, Y2d=1Korean (South Korea)0.004261Y=1Han (southern California)0.003390Y=1Turkish people0.003773Y1a1=2Han (Taiwan)0.0011117Y=1Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00010 -Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.00011 -Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015 -Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00016 -Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00016 -Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.00018 -Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.00019 -Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 -Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 -Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 -Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 -Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.00020 -Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)0.00022 -Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.00024 -Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024 -Nganasan0.00024 -Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.00025 -Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast)0.00025 -Kubachi (Dagestan)0.00025 -Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025 -Kumyk (Dagestan)0.00026 -Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.00026 -Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00027 -Indonesian (Palembang, Sumatra)0.00028 -Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029 -Batek (Malaysia)0.00029 -Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.00029 -Cun (Hainan)0.00030 -Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.00030 -Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.00030 -Lingao (Hainan)0.00031 -Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.00031 -Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.00031 -Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)0.00032 -Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032 -Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.00032 -Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.00032 -Nogai (Dagestan)0.00033 -Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033 -Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.00035 -Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.00035 -Aleut (Commander Islands)0.00036 -Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.00036 -Yakut (Yakutia)0.00036 -Sireniki Eskimo0.00037 -Ket0.00038 -Eskimo (Naukan)0.00039 -Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.00039 -Nganasan0.00039 -Han (Beijing)0.00040 -Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.00040 -Manchurian0.00040 -Thai0.00040 -Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.00040 -Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00040 -Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.00040 -Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.00041 -Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.00042 -Vietnamese0.00042 -Indonesian (Ambon)0.00043 -Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok)0.00044 -Hui (Xinjiang)0.00045 -Indonesian (Alor)0.00045 -Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.00045 -Tofalar0.00046 -Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.00047 -Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.00047 -Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar)0.00047 -Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.00047 -Hindu (New Delhi)0.00048 -Korean (Arun Banner)0.00048 -Kyrgyz (Talas)0.00048 -Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.00048 -Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.00049 -Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.00050 -Eskimo (Chaplin)0.00050 -Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba)0.00050 -Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051 -Korean (northern China)0.00051 -Senoi (Malaysia)0.00052 -Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.00053 -Teleut (Kemerovo)0.00053 -Chuvash (Morgaushsky, Chuvashia)0.00055 -Uyghur (Kazakhstan)0.00055 -Tibetan (Qinghai)0.00056 -Khakassian (Khakassia)0.00057 -Semelai (Malaysia)0.00061 -Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky, Komi Republic)0.00062 -Mansi0.00063 -Tujia (western Hunan)0.00064 -Chukchi0.00066 -Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.00068 -Saami (Finland)0.00069 -Tatar (Aznakayevo, Tatarstan)0.00071 -Telenghit (Altai Republic)0.00071 -Tubalar (Turochaksky & Choysky, Altai Republic)0.00072 -Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug)0.00074 -Siberian Eskimo0.00079 -Persian (eastern Iran)0.00082 -Shor (Kemerovo)0.00082 -Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.00082 -Altai Kizhi0.00090 -Tuvan0.00095 -Eskimo (Canada)0.00096 -Mansi0.00098 -Saami (Sweden)0.00098 -Udmurt (Malopurginsky, Udmurtia & Tatyshlinsky, Bashkortostan)0.000101 -Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.000102 -Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky, Mordovia)0.000102 -Tuvinian0.000105 -Khanty0.000106 -Yakut0.000117 -Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, & Zhigansky, Yakutia)0.000125 -Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.000133 -Mari (Zvenigovsky, Mari El)0.000136 -Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)0.000137 -Yakut (northern Yakutia)0.000148 -Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)0.000154 -Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.000160 -Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.000163 -Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.000168 -Tatar (Almetyevsky and Yelabuzhsky, Tatarstan)0.000228 -Saami (Norway)0.000278 -Japanese (Tōkai)0.000282 -Tibetan (Tibet)0.000289 -Li (Hainan)0.000346 -Eskimo (Greenland)0.000385 -
Subclades Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016, mtDNA haplogroup Y1a was observed in an Ulchi sampled in Nizhniy Gavan, Lower Amur, whereas mtDNA haplogroup Y2a1 was observed in an Igorot from Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (sampled in Singapore) and in a Hawaiian.Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, et al., "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." Nature 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964Το Y2a1 στις κεβτρικες φιλιππίνες ειναι 2% κατσ μεσο ορο λογου ρου 24% wmεως 30% B5b1c στους visayas στο ξορθιο λουζον 5% ενω στο βορρα στο 10%