The Jinan dialect () is a Mandarin Chinese dialect spoken in Jinan in Shandong province, China. It is a variety of Jilu Mandarin.
Sociolinguistics Younger generations have increasingly levelled the Jinan dialect in the direction of Standard Chinese. The bulk of this article describes conservative features of the dialect and may reflect not reflect the speech of the youngest speakers.
Phonetics and phonology
Consonants
+ Consonants of the Jinan dialect Qian 2002, p. 10-15. Labial Alveolar Alveolo-palatal Retroflex VelarNasal Plosive plain aspirated Affricateplain aspirated Fricativevoiceless voiced Approximant
Comparisons with Beijing dialect
Many innovations and retentions from Middle Chinese present in the Beijing dialect are also found in Jinan, which accounts for the similarity in phoneme inventory. There are, of course, some differences. Examples follow.
The distribution of the voiceless retroflex initials in Jinan is largely to similar to that in Beijing. Where Beijing has , Jinan is also inclined to have them. However, the converse fails in a handful of cases, where Jinan has , but Beijing has the corresponding alveolar consonant.
+ Distribution of JinanBeijing
In these cases, Jinan dialect is the one that shows the expected reflex of the Middle Chinese initial.
Jinan dialect consistently reflects the northern Mandarin innovation where when not followed by , while Beijing dialect does not.
+ JinanBeijing
Jinan dialect usually reflects the Middle Chinese initial as , except before , where it is merged into . This contrasts with Beijing Mandarin, which has in all cases, as well as with other Jilu varieties, which demonstrate a variety of patterns. The non-Beijing dialects below are all usually categorized as Jilu.
+ Reflexes of the initialJinanZiboTianjinCangzhouBeijing
Finals + Finals of the Jinan dialect Qian 2002, p. 10-15.Medial Rime
Erhua affects most rimes as follows; medials stay the same.
+ Erhua in Jinan dialect Qian 2002, p. 7.Rime Rime +
For speakers in the suburbs, nasalization in the erhuaized syllable may be dropped, merging e.g. ← + and ← + . Qian 2002, p. 7.
Tones
+ Tone chart of the Jinan dialect Qian 2002, p. 7. Tone number Tone name Tone contour 1 yin ping () (213) 2 yang ping () (42) 3 shang sheng () (55) 4 qu sheng () (21)
Jinan dialect also makes use of the neutral tone in the second syllable of a disyllabic unit. The neutral tone's pitch is dependent on the tone of the preceding syllable (see below).
As in many other Chinese varieties, there is tone sandhi. In Jinan dialect, tone sandhi largely affects the first syllable of a disyllabic unit. Some rules are general phonological processes; others are lexically determined.
+ Tone Sandhi Qian 2002, p. 8-9. First tone ↓ Second tone → 1 2 3 4 Neutral 1 - - or 2 - - - or no change or 3 - - No change or or 4 - - - or no change or
Grammar Pronouns Personal pronouns The following list is not exhaustive.
+ Personal pronouns Lù 2008, p. 5.SingularPlural 1st Person、、、、、、 2nd Person 3rd Person
The pronoun derives from a contraction of , but can nowadays also be used in the singular. In fact, the singular use has become more common than the plural one, and the latter use is often reinforced by an additional instance of the plural suffix .
Besides , Jinan dialect also has the dual suffix and the plural suffix , which can be attached to any of the singular pronouns.
Interrogatives
+ Interrogatives 山東濟南市區 who what how where which when
is distinct from its equivalent word in Beijing dialect, which is a disyllabic form. A monosyllabic word for 'what' is also found in other Ji-Lu varieties such as Tianjin dialect.
Comparatives Jinan has a separate strategy using the morpheme 起 for forming comparatives in addition to that which is found in Standard Chinese.Qian 2002, p. 22
The morpheme 起 is preceded by the quality to be compared and followed by the basis of comparison. The word order is not affected in negative comparisons or in polar questions.
Tense and aspect
Perfective aspect In Jinan dialect, the perfective aspect is formed by the postverbal particle . It indicates that an action is terminated. This is distinct from the perfect . Younger speakers may not distinguish the two, rendering both as , as in Standard Chinese. Qian 1997, p. 20.
Gao 1992, p. 70.
The particle kʰə The particle , sometimes written as , can be used in manifold ways.
Firstly, it can indicate that two events occur in some form of temporal conjunction. The events are usually encoded as clauses, although the first one may also be a temporal adverbial. Whether the two clauses are simultaneous or in sequence is clausally dependent. In this usage, occurs at the end of the first clause.
In the above sentence, the two clauses are interpreted to take place in sequence, as that is sensible based off the meaning of the individual clauses.
The act of coming occurs at the same time as the day of the month specified; the two can not be consecutive. This shows that the interpretation of kʰə is sensitive to clausal meaning — not broader context.
Secondly, kʰə can be used after a condition in an implication. This can be used in different kinds of implications, including hypotheticals and counterfactuals. this is derived from the previous use.Jǐng 2016, p. 9.
Thirdly, kʰə can be used to mark a prohibitive. The course of development is: 'giving a condition in an implication' → 'giving a reason for an imperative or prohibitive' → 'marking the prohibitive'.
The above example uses kʰə alongside the usual prohibitive ; either one may be dropped and the meaning of the sentence would be preserved. Jǐng 2016, p. 23.
See also Jilu Mandarin Varieties of Chinese
Notes
References
Footnotes
Works Cited Běijīng dàxué Zhōngguó yǔyán wénxuéxì yǔyánxué jiàoyánshì. (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyīn zìhuì. Běijīng: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (北京大學中國語言文學系語言學教研室. 1989. 漢語方音字匯. 北京: 文字改革出版社) Gāo, Wéndá. (1992). Jǐnán fāngyán zhì. (高文達. 1992. 濟南方言志.)
Norman, Jerry. (2002). Chinese. Cambridge: CUP Qián, Céngyí. (1997). Jǐnán fāngyán cídiǎn. Jiāngsū jiàoyù chūbǎnshè. (錢曾怡. 1997. 濟南方言詞典. 江蘇教育出版社.) Qián, Céngyí. (2010). Hànyǔ guānhuà fāngyán yánjiū. Jìlǔ shūshè. (錢曾怡. 2010. 漢語官話方言研究. 冀魯書社.)
Yuán, Jiāhuá. (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào (An introduction to Chinese dialects). Beijing: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (袁家驊. 1989. 漢語方言概要. 北京:文字改革出版社.)
External links Cantonese and other dialects (in Chinese) Classification of Jilu Dialects from Glossika