Santiago del Estero Quichua or Santiagueño Quechua (Santiagen Quichua) is a vulnerable dialect of Southern Quechua spoken by 60,000-100,000 people (estimates vary widely) in Argentina. It is spoken in the province of Santiago del Estero. The estimated coordinates are 27°47′S 64°16′W. Long-standing migration has also resulted in the presence of the language in other provinces of northeastern Argentina and in Buenos Aires.
It is 81% similar to other Quechuan languages. There are radio programs in this languages and also a dictionary. There is some cultivation of the language as it is taught in some schools. It uses the Roman alphabet. Its speakers are Native Americans and they mostly work in agriculture. It is the seventh-most widely spoken language in Argentina behind Spanish, Italian, Levantine Arabic, South Bolivian Quechua, Standard German, and Mapudungun. It is the third most widely spoken indigenous language.
There was once another dialect of Southern Quechua in Argentina, that of Catamarca and La Rioja, but it has gone extinct. All were introduced during the Spanish colonial period, as Quechua speakers were transplanted to various parts of the Spanish realm (continuing a practice of the Inca), and Quechua was an official language of Santiago, Catamarca, and La Rioja during the colonial era.
Classification Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay
People The indigenous people of Santiago del Estero were referred to as the "tonocoté". They faced much racism and discrimination from the rest of the Argentinian population which led to the diminishing of their language and culture as a whole. The government even went so far as to release flyers describing what these indigenous people looked like, including red skin and the use of feathers in their clothing. For this reason, they were singled out among the rest of the Hispanic population. Instead of learning their maternal language of Santiagueño Quechua at school, indigenous children were looked over and forced to learn the official Spanish language, which is a contributing factor as to why this language became endangered.
Phonology There are three vowel phonemes primarily used in this language: . In addition, as with other Quechuan languages, , and possess , and as allophones in the vicinity of the consonant phoneme .Nardi, R. L. (1989). Aclaraciones sobre el quichua de santiago del estero. Relaciones De La Sociedad Argentina De Antropología; Tomo 17-2, 127-137. Retrieved from http://163.10.34.134/bitstream/handle/10915/25125/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1 As opposed to other dialects of this language, which use the phoneme , Saniagueño Quechua possesses , similar to the Argentinian Spanish pronunciation of as .
+ConsonantsBilabialAlveolarPost-al./PalatalVelarUvularNasalPlosive/AffricatevoicelessvoicedFricativevoicelessvoicedApproximantFlap
Syntax The verb of movement "to go" has been extensively studied and compared to other dialects of Quechua. It was found that while in other dialects, this verb is used to represent physical movement, in Santiagueño Quechua, it represents a future action. This can be compared to the modern Spanish phrase "ir a" which means "to go" + infinitive in Santiagueño Quechua.
Pasado no experimentado It has been discovered that a new category of verb exists in this Quechua language: Pasado no experimentado, which adds a certain suffix to words to represent information that has been related to someone from another person. Usually, the suffix that corresponds to this is -ra. Ex: "niara".
Examples
Many of the following examples have strong similarity to, or borrow words from the Spanish language.
cóndor- vulture cocaví-> provisions for a trip qólpa; choclo-> an ear of corn kúnliir; molle-> tree of life múli or porongo-> pumpkin 'kúntur; chingana-> a sort of brothel tarúka-> deer wik*úña; vincha-> hair tie qaparis ti(y)anku-> "they are yelling" na riq rini ñuqá-> "I am already going to go" más vale rini kutiq-> "Maybe I'll go back" nuqa cuchilluyta manasuq-> "I'll lend you my knife" Brachup historian rini cuentasuq-> "I will tell you the story of El Bracho."
Notes
References
External links Ethnologue: Santiago del Estero Quichua Course on Quechua Quechuan Culture Endangered Languages Page Sorosoro Page Atlas of Indigenous places in Latin America Refworld Page Glottolog Page