The Philippines supports a rich and varied flora with close botanical connections to Indonesia and mainland Southeast Asia. Forests cover almost one-half of the land area and are typically tropical, with the dominant family, Dipterocarpaceae, representing 75% of the stands. The forest also has vines, epiphytes, and climbers. Open grasslands, ranging up to 2.4 m (8 ft) in height, occupy one-fourth of the land area; they are man- made, the aftermath of the slash-and-burn agricultural system, and most contain tropical savanna grasses that are nonnutritious and difficult to eradicate. The diverse flora includes 8,000 species of flowering plants, 1,000 kinds of ferns, and 800 species of orchids.
Seventy to eighty percent of non-flying mammals in the Philippines are found nowhere else in the world.Ancient Geological History of the Philippines The Field Museum.org Retrieved January 2, 2007. Common mammals include the wild hog, deer, wild carabao, monkey, civet cat, and various rodents. There are about 196 breeding species of birds, among the more numerous being the megapodes (turkey-like wildfowl), button quail, jungle fowl, peacock pheasant, dove, pigeon, parrot, and hornbill. Reptilian life is represented by 190 species; there are crocodiles and the larger snakes include the python and several varieties of cobra.
The fauna on Bohol is almost identical to that on Mindanao, Samar, and Leyte, but not that on nearby Negros. Scientists believe that the floral and faunal biodiversity unique to the Philippines is caused by the Ice Age. Ice-Age History of the Philippines The Field Museum Retrieved January 2, 2007. They also believe that the country has the most severely endangered plant and animal communities on earth.
Bohol is an island province in the Philippines and its 10th largest island. It is located in the Central Visayas region and has a population of 1,137,000 (2000 census) with an area of 4,117.3 km. This is a list of the most common species and varieties of flora and fauna specific to the province of Bohol in the Philippines, endemic or otherwise.
List of Bohol Flora
Hardwood and other tree species abihíd-Spondias pinnata Acacia – Rain tree; Samanea saman Merr.; Other scientific names: Mimosa saman Jacq.; Inga saman Willd.; Pithecolobium saman Benth.; Enterolobium saman Prain almáciga – Agathis philippinensis bagakay Bagalñga (C. Bis.) – Lygodium japonicum; Paraiso Bagalunga – Melia dubia bago-Gnetum gnemon balete – India rubber tree; Ficus elastica bánaba – Lagerstroemia speciosa; queen's flower or crepe myrtle and the pride of India; bangkal – Nauclea orientalis; Leichhardt tree, yellow cheesewood bangkaw – Nauclea subdita; bulobangkal, bongkol Batinô – Alstonia macrophylla bitaóg – Calophyllkum blancoi; Calophyllum wallichianum Vidal bujangjang – Prayer beads; Arbus precatorius Linn.; saga bulí – Corypha elata Roxb.; buri kawayan – Bambusa spinosa; Bambusa vulgaris dapdap – Erythrina variegata Linn. var. orientalis (Linn.); Indian coal tree Date palm – Palmae (INTRODUCED) dorol – also called doldol; kapok (Tag.); Ceiba pentandra Eucalyptus – Eucalyptus globulus (INTRODUCED) Gemilina – Gmelina arborea (INTRODUCED) Ipil-ipil – Leucaena leucocephala Linn. (INTRODUCED) lauaan – Diptecarpus thurifer white lauan – Shorea contorta lubí – niyóg – Coconut – Cocos nucifera madre de cacao – kakawate; Gliricidia sepium (INTRODUCED) mahogany – Philippine Mahogany; Swietenia mahagoni (Meliaceae) (INTRODUCED) mangga – Mango; Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae); Bohol mangga mangrove – Rhizophora mangle; red mangrove; pagatpat; manggal mangrove – Avicennia nitida; black mangrove mangrove – Sonneratia mangrove – Brugiera; red mangrove mangrove – bakhawan babae-Rhizophora mucronata; bakhawan lalake-Rhizophora apiculata mangrove – piyapî mangrove – piyag-aw; bigî or tabigi; Xylocarpus moluccensis mangrove – Bigî (Tagb.); Tabigi-Xylocarpus granatum maribojoc – agoho; Casuarina equisitofolia molave – Vitex parviflora; tugás narra – Philippine cedar; Pterocarpus indicus; Pterocarpus santalinus Neem tree – Azadirachta indica (INTRODUCED) ninô or linô – Indian mulberry; Morinda citrifolia; apatot (noni juice) nipâ – Nypa fruticans; nipâ palm nitô – Lygodium japonicum oliva – olive; Cycas revoluta pitogo – Cycas papuwá – annatto; Bixa orellana Linn.; suetes; atsuete (INTRODUCED) rattan – Calamus Rubber tree – Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae) (INTRODUCED) teak – Philippine teak; Tectona philippinensis tipó – Antipolo; Artocarpus blancoi Merr. talisay – Terminalia catappa; almond yakál – Dipterocarpus plagutus-Shorea astylosa
Note: very highly regulated species in the Philippines: lauaan, narra, Philippine mahogany
Fruit trees/plants alibangbang – Bauhinia malabarica; butterfly-shaped leaves from a tree used for souring atis – sugar apple; Annona squamosa Linn.; anonas (INTRODUCED) Avocado – Persea americana; avocado (INTRODUCED) balingbing – star fruit; Averrhoa carambola Linn.; also Averrhoa pentandra Blanco (INTRODUCED) batuan – Garcinia morella, a small sour green fruit with a large seed bayabas – Guava; Psidium guajava (INTRODUCED) boongon – pomelo; Citrus maxima bugnay – Antidesma bunius Linn.; bignay cacao – Theobroma cacao (INTRODUCED) kapeng barako – Philippine coffee; Coffea arabica; Coffea canephora or C. robusta (INTRODUCED) kaimito – caimito; Chrysophyllum caninito Linn.; star apple (INTRODUCED) chico – Achras sapota Linn.; Sapota achras Mill.; Sapota zapotilla Coville (INTRODUCED) chico- Manilkara zapote, a brown sweet fruit with black seeds (INTRODUCED) Chinese holly – Ilex cornuta (INTRODUCED) Curcuma domestica, turmeric (INTRODUCED) dayáp – Citrus aurantifolia, lime (INTRODUCED) duhat – Syzygium cumini, Java plum durian – Durio zibethinus granada – Punica granatum; Pomegranate (INTRODUCED) guyabano – Soursop; Annona muricata Linnaeus or A. muricata L. (Annonaceae); guyabano ibâ – Averrhoa bilimbi; kamias joló; koló – bread fruit; Artocarpus altilis kamátsile – Pithecellobium dulce, kamachille, Madras thorn fruit kapayas or kapajas – Papaya; Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) (INTRODUCED) kasúy – Anacardium occidentale, cashew (INTRODUCED) lanzones – Lansium parasiticum lemoncito – × Citrofortunella microcarpa, kalamansi a small lime indigenous to the Philippines; also called Calamondin, Chinese orange, Panama orange linga – Sesamum indicum lomboy – black plum; Syzygium cumini; duhat in Tagalog macopa – Syzygium samarangense mangga – mango; Mangifera indica (carabao, pajo) manzanitas – datiles; ratiles; Muntingia calabura; a little cherry-like wild fruit (INTRODUCED) marang – Artocarpus odoratissima nangkâ – Jackfruit; Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.; langkâ (INTRODUCED) orange – Citrus aurantium; local orange; dalandan in Tagalog (INTRODUCED) orange – Mandarin orange; Citrus reticulata (INTRODUCED) orange – tangerine orange; Citrus nobilis;dalandan (INTRODUCED) orange – local lemon or lime – Citrus; dayap in Tagalog (INTRODUCED) orange – Citrus medica (INTRODUCED) passion fruit – Passiflora incarnata (INTRODUCED) pili nut – Canarium ovatum pinya or pinja – Pineapple; Ananas comosus saging tundan – Banana; Musa; (Musaceae) Saging sab-a – Banana variety; Musa (Musaceae) Saging cavendish; Banana variety; Musa (Musaceae) Saging senyorita; Banana variety; Musa (Musaceae) Saging morado sambag – Tamarindus indica; tamarind; sampalok (INTRODUCED) Santol – Sandoricum koetjape Merr. (INTRODUCED) siriguelas; sineguelas in Visayan or sigarilyas in Tagalog Spondias sp suwâ-suwâ – Triphasia trifolia P. Wils. tambis – Syzygium malaccense; Malay apple; Tersana rose apple tisâ Tree fern – Cyathea spp. spp. watermelon – Curcubita citrullus Linn.; also Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.; pakwan (INTRODUCED)
Vegetables ahos – Garlic; Allium sativum; bawang Alugbati – Malabar nightshade; Basella rubra Linn. batong – string beans; Bataw; Dolichos labiab Linn. carrot – karot; Daucus carota L. kabasâ – kalabasâ; squash; Cucurbita maxima Duchesne; Curcubita sulcata Blanco kamatis – Tomato; Solanum lycopersicum or Lycopersicum esculentum kamunggay – malunggay; Moringa oleifera katuray – Sesbania grandiflora, a white flower used in salads kinstsay – Apium graveolens, Chinese celery kolis – Pisonia alba, lettuce tree, also called maluko in Tagalog kulitis – Amaranthus viridis, slender amaranth kundol – Benicasa hispida; wax gourd kutsay – Allium odorum; Chinese chives Lagundî; Vitex negundo laurel – Antidesma bunius; Chinese laurel luy-a – ginger; Zingiber officinale; luya munggos – munggo; Phaseolus aureus; green mung bean mustasa – Brassica juncea v. integrifola; mustard greens okra – Abelmoschus escuclentus Linn.; also Hibiscus esculentis Linn. pandan -Pandanus odoratissimus; screw pine paliyá or palijá – Bitter melon; Momordica charantia; Ampalaya patola – Luffa cylindrica; sponge gourd patola – Luffa acutangula; Loofah pechay – Brassica chinensis; pakchoy; bokchoy pipino – cucumber; Cucumis sativus pipino – Cucumber; zucchini; Cucurbita pepo radish; Raphanus repolyo – cabbage; Brassica oleracea saluyot – Corchorus olitorius; Jew's mallow sayote – Sechium edule; chayote; mirliton pear sibuyas bombay – Onion; Allium cepa sibuyas dahon – Allium sativum sili – Capsicum annuum; chili sili'ng kulikot – Capsicum frutescens; siling labuyo; Cayenne sili- pepper; Solanum capsicum (Solanaceae) singkamas – Pachyrhizus erosus; yambean tangkong or kangkong; Ipomoea aquatica; swamp cabbage, potato vine tawong or talong; eggplant – Solanum melongena Ocimum sanctum – holy basil upo – Lagenaria leucantha; bottle gourd Corindrium sativum – coriander leaf
Flowering plants adelfa – Oleander; South sea rose; Nerium indicum Mill.; Neroum oleander Blanco; Nerium odorum Soland. alas kuwatro antuwanga – gumamela; hibiscus; China rose; shoeflower; Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis Asparagus (genus) – green fern, for bouquets; Asparagus plumosus Aster bahug-bahug – Vernonia cinerea; bulak-manok; billy goat weed banaba – Lagerstroemia speciosa bangka-bangkaan – Rhoeo discolor bird of paradise (plant) – Strelitzia reginae bombil – bougainvillea; Bougainvillea Bromeliad bunga – Areca nut; Areca catechu; Areca alba (lubi lubi) caballero – peacock flower; Caesalpinia pulcherrima Linn.; bulaklak ng paraiso Comfrey – Symphytum officinale L (tambal sa nuka) cosmos – Cosmos (genus) cosmos (bahô) – Tagetes erecta Chrysanthemum – Chrysanthemum sinense; manzanilla daisy dancing lady dandelion- Taraxacum officinale Weber; Leontodon taraxacum Linn.; Taraxacum dens-leonis Desf. Dendrobium duranta – "Duranta repens Linn."; golden duranta Ginseng ground orchids ilang ilang – also known as Ylang-ylang; Cananga odorata Japanese rose – Rosa rugosa kalachuchi – frangipani; Plumeria; Plumeria rubra kataká-taká – Kalanchoe pinnata (synonym: Bryophyllum pinnatum) kalanchoe – Kalanchoe sp. kamantigi – mantigi; Touch me not; Impatiens balsamina kutsaritas – Althernanthera sp.; (Amaranthaceae) kulitis – Amaranthus spinosus; uray kumintang – also tsitsirika; rosy periwinkle; Catharanthus roseus lirio – Crinum latifolim Linn. Maiden's hair plant – Chlorodesmis sp. Marigold – Calendula mayana or majana – Coleus sp.; Coleus blumei Million flower pamintâ – Piper nigrum; black pepper pandong pandong – Celosia cristata Linn.; cock's comb Paragayo – san francisco Poinsettia – Euphorbia pulcherrima quiapo – kiapo; water cabbage; Pistia stratiotes rosál – Gardenia jasminioides; gardenia rose – rose; Genus: Rosa sabila – Aloe vera sagisi – Anahaw sagusahis – used as sandpaper for desks sampaguita – Jasmine; Jasminum sambac Linn. santal ? santan – Ixora sp. sunflower – Helianthus annuus tsampaka – Michelia champaca Verbena – Verbena officinalis violeta – bayolota; violets; Viola odorata L. waling-waling- Vanda yellow bell – kampanilya; Allamanda cathartica
Bohol endemic species