The University of Bologna (; abbreviated Unibo) is a public research university in Bologna, Italy. It is the oldest university in continuous operation in the world, and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning.Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, , p. 55f.de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. 47–55 Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as universitas scholarium or guilds of students by the late 12th century. The university's emblem carries the motto Alma Mater Studiorum (Latin for 'Nourishing mother of studies') and the date A.D. 1088. With over 90,000 students, the University of Bologna is one of the largest universities in Europe.
The university saw the first woman to earn a university degree and teach at a university (Bettisia Gozzadini), and the first woman to earn both a doctorate in science and a salaried position as a university professor (Laura Bassi). The University of Bologna had a central role in the sciences during the medieval age and the Italian Renaissance, when it housed and educated Nicholas Copernicus in addition to numerous other Renaissance mathematicians. It has educated a wide range of notable alumni, amongst them a large number of Italian scientists, prime ministers, supreme court judges and priests.
Aside from its main campus in Bologna, the university has additional campuses in Cesena (including Cesenatico), Forlì, Ravenna (including Faenza) and Rimini, as well as teaching facilities in Ozzano and Imola and branches abroad in Buenos Aires, New York, Brussels and Shanghai. It houses the fully funded boarding college Collegio Superiore di Bologna, the Bologna School of Advanced Studies, the botanical gardens of Bologna, a large number of museums, libraries and archeological collections, as well as the Bologna University Press.
History
The date of the University of Bologna's founding is uncertain. The university was granted a charter (Authentica habita) by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the founding of the university back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuously operating university in the world.Top Universities World University Rankings Retrieved 2010-1-6Our History - Università di Bologna However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that "it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the term university before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s."Paul F. Grendler, The Universities of the Italian Renaissance (JHU Press, 2002), 6.
The university arose around mutual aid societies (known as universitates scholarium) of foreign students called "nations" (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposed collective punishment on foreigners for the crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from the city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, and ars dictaminis (scrivenery).David A. Lines, "The University and the City: Cultural Interactions", in A Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Bologna, ed. Sarah Rubin Blanshei (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 437–8. The lectures were given in informal schools called scholae. In time the various universitates scholarium decided to form a larger association, or Studium—thus, the university. The Studium grew to have a strong position of collective bargaining with the city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of a student strike, the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed the institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all the students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming collegia doctorum (professors' committees) in each faculty, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it a chartered public university.
The university is historically notable for its teaching of canon and civil law; indeed, it was set up in large part with the aim of studying the Digest,Berman, Law and Revolution, ch. 3; Stein, Roman Law in European History, part 3. a central text in Roman law, which had been rediscovered in Italy in 1070, and the university was central in the development of medieval Roman law.See Corpus Juris Civilis: Recovery in the West Until modern times, the only degree granted at that university was the doctorate.
Bettisia Gozzadini earned a law degree in 1237, being one of the first women in history to obtain a university degree. She taught law from her own home for two years, and in 1239 she taught at the university, becoming the first woman in history to teach at a university.
In 1711, Luigi Ferdinando Marsili convinced Pope Clement XI to provide funds to establish the Observatory of Bologna, the first public astronomical observatory in Italy. It was a center for research by astronomers such as Eustachio Manfredi, Giovanni Battista Guglielmini, and Eustachio Zanotti in the 18th century, and physicists like Guido Horn d'Arturo and Luigi Giuseppe Jacchia in the 20th century.
Laura Bassi was born into a prosperous family of Bologna and was privately educated from the age of five.Laura Bassi at Encyclopedia.com Bassi's education and intellect was noticed by Prospero Lorenzini Lambertini, who became the Archbishop of Bologna in 1731 (later Pope Benedict XIV). Lambertini became the official patron of Bassi. He arranged for a public debate between Bassi and four professors from the University of Bologna on 17 April 1732. In 1732, Bassi, aged twenty, publicly defended her forty-nine theses on Philosophica Studia at the Sala degli Anziani of the Palazzo Pubblico. The University of Bologna awarded her a doctorate degree on 12 May. She became the first woman to receive a doctorate in science, and the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate after Elena Cornaro Piscopia in 1678, fifty-four years prior. She was by then popularly known as Bolognese Minerva. On 29 October 1732, the Senate and the University of Bologna granted Bassi's candidature, and in December she was appointed professor of natural philosophy to teach physics.Monique Frize, Laura Bassi and Science in 18th Century Europe: The Extraordinary Life and Role of Italy's Pioneering Female Professor, Springer, p. 174. She became the first salaried woman lecturer in the world, thus beginning her academic career. She was also the first woman member of any scientific establishment, when she was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1732. Bassi became the most important populariser of Newtonian mechanics in Italy.
In 1971, the Hellenist Benedetto Marzullo in company with Umberto Eco, Renato Barilli, Adelio Ferrero instituted within the Faculty of Letters and Arts the DAMS (acronym of discipline delle arti, della musica e dello spettacolo, "Discipline of Arts, Musics and Performance"). It was the first degree course of this type to be opened in Italy. Between December 26, 1982, and November 29, 1983, there occurred the DAMS murders (in Italian: Delitti del DAMS), dealing with four victims who were students or professors of the DAMS: Angelo Fabbri (a brilliant student of Umberto Eco), Liviana Rossi, the dancer Francesca Alinovi (who was stabbed for 47 times), and Leonarda Polvani. (at minute 9:00)
Organization
Higher education processes are being harmonised across the European Community. Nowadays the university offers 101 different "Laurea" or "Laurea breve" first-level degrees (three years of courses), followed by 108 "Laurea specialistica" or "Laurea magistrale" second-level degrees (two years). However 11 other courses have maintained the previous rules of "Laurea specialistica a ciclo unico" or "Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico", with only one cycle of study of five years, except for medicine and dentistry, which require six years of courses. After the "Laurea" one may attain first-level Master (one-year diploma, similar to a postgraduate diploma). After second-level degrees are attained, one may proceed to second-level Master, specialisation schools (residency) or research doctorates (PhD).
The 11 Schools (which replace the existing 23 faculties) are: School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine School of Economics, Management and Statistics School of Engineering and Architecture School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Interpreting and Translation School of Law School of Arts, Humanities, and Cultural Heritage School of Medicine and Surgery School of Pharmacy, Biotechnologies and Sport Sciences School of Political Sciences School of Psychology and Education Sciences School of Sciences
The university is structured in 33 departmentsList of the Departments of the University of Bologna (66 until 2012), organized by homogeneous research domains that integrate activities related to one or more faculty. A new department of Latin history was added in 2015.
The 33 departments are: Architecture – DA Cultural Heritage – DBC Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" – CHIM Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" – CHIMIND Arts – DARvipem Pharmacy and Biotechnology – FaBiT Classical Philology and Italian Studies – FICLIT Philosophy and Communication Studies – FILCOM Physics and Astronomy – DIFA Computer Science and Engineering – DISI Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering – DICAM Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" – DEI Industrial Engineering – DIN Interpreting and Translation – DIT Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures – LILEC Mathematics – MAT Experimental Medicine, Diagnostic Medicine and Specialty Medicine – DIMES Psychology – PSI Agricultural Sciences – DipSA Management – DiSA Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences – BiGeA Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences – DIBINEM Education Studies "Giovanni Maria Bertin" – EDU Agricultural and Food Sciences – DISTAL Economics – DSE Legal Studies – DSG Medical and Surgical Sciences – DIMEC Veterinary Medical Sciences – DIMEVET Department for Life Quality Studies – QUVI Political and Social Sciences – SPS Statistical Sciences "Paolo Fortunati" – STAT Sociology and Business Law – SDE History and Cultures – DiSCi
Affiliates and other institutions Il Mulino