Section 123 of the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954, titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation. Such an agreement is called a 123 Agreement.Nuclear Nonproliferation Issue, Issue Brief for Congress, May 10, 2002. To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-six 123 Agreements with 52 countries.
Agreement Countries Countries with which the U.S. has a Section 123 Agreement as of 2025 include:
Current
(with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request) Euratom (with automatic re-processing rights) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (With advance consent to reprocessing), exempt from certain safeguards by India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement.
(with automatic re-processing rights)
via the American Institute in Taiwan (1974–2014, 2025–2065)
123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation, NNSA UAE Embassy, Press Release, December 17, 2009, U.S.–UAE 123 Agreement for Peaceful Civilian Nuclear Energy Cooperation
Former : September 17, 1981 - June 24, 2012
State Department, November 10, 2008 : December 4, 1997 - December 4, 2022
Proposed (Never signed, superseded by Euratom agreement once Romania joined the EU) (agreement)
References
External links 123 Agreement With India Text of 123 Agreement with India Details of Indian 123 Agreement package before Congress
123 Agreement With UAE U.S. to Sign Nuclear Pact With U.A.E. Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2009 U.S.-United Arab Emirates Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation, State Department Resources on the United Arab Emirates Nuclear Energy Program Voice of America News, December 12, 2008