RuneScape is a fantasy massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed and published by Jagex. Created by Andrew Gower with assistance from his brother Paul Gower, it was first released on 4 January 2001 as a Java-based browser game; the original Java client was later largely replaced by the standalone C++ NXT client in 2016. The game is set in the medieval fantasy world of Gielinor, where players control customisable avatars and pursue open-ended activities such as questing, combat, skill training, trading, socialising, minigames and cooperative play.
Several major versions of RuneScape have been released. The original version became known as RuneScape Classic after the release of RuneScape 2 in 2004, while RuneScape 3, the third major iteration of the main game, was released in July 2013. Old School RuneScape, a separate game based on an August 2007 build, was released in February 2013 and is maintained alongside the main game. Old School RuneScape was released for iOS and Android in 2018; the main RuneScape game was released on Steam in 2020 and on iOS and Android in 2021.
RuneScape is recognised for its longevity and scale. Jagex has reported that more than 300 million accounts have been created for the franchise, and Guinness World Records has listed RuneScape as the MMO video game with the most users. By January 2026, RuneScape and Old School RuneScape had generated more than US$3 billion in lifetime revenue. The game has also drawn criticism over changes to trading, player-versus-player combat and microtransactions. In January 2026, Jagex removed the Treasure Hunter microtransaction system after a community vote.
Gameplay
RuneScape is an open-ended MMORPG set in Gielinor, a fantasy world in which players control customisable avatars. After introductory tutorial content, players may choose among activities such as training skills, fighting monsters, completing quests, trading with other players, including through the Grand Exchange marketplace, chatting, and taking part in minigames and other group activities.
Progression is organised largely through skills. Players gain experience points by performing actions associated with a skill, such as gathering resources, crafting items, fighting enemies, cooking food, or receiving quest rewards. Higher levels unlock new resources, equipment, abilities, areas, and other rewards. Some skills are available to free-to-play players, while others require membership. Skill levels and total levels are reflected in the game's high scores.
Combat involves attacking enemies, using abilities, and managing health and resources during encounters. Combat styles include Melee, Magic, Ranged and Necromancy. Melee, Magic and Ranged form a combat triangle in which each style has advantages and disadvantages against the others, while Necromancy, added in 2023, functions as a separate combat style. In 2012, Jagex released the Evolution of Combat update, which introduced ability-based combat and rebalanced the combat system. Legacy Mode, allowing players to use an older-style interface and combat system, was added in 2014. A 2026 combat modernisation update revised Melee, Magic and Ranged abilities and progression, including higher combat skill caps.
Player-versus-player combat has changed substantially over the game's history. The Wilderness historically served as the main open PvP area, but was restricted in 2007 as part of Jagex's efforts to combat real-world trading, restored in 2011 after a player referendum, and later reworked in 2022 into a primarily player-versus-monster area with optional PvP.
Quests provide structured storylines and rewards, often requiring particular skill levels, previous quest completion, or combat encounters. Rewards may include experience, items, access to new areas, quest points and other unlocks; players who complete all quests can obtain the Quest Point Cape.
Development
Andrew Gower developed RuneScape with the assistance of his brother Paul Gower. It was originally conceived as a text-based MUD, but graphics were added early in development, placing it among the games then described as "graphical MUDs". The first public version used a mixture of three-dimensional environments and two-dimensional sprites. It was released as a beta version on 4 January 2001 and initially operated from the Gower family's home in Nottingham. In December 2001, the Gower brothers and Constant Tedder formed Jagex to run the business side of the game. Among its early technologies, Jagex developed RuneScript, an interpreted domain-specific scripting language used by the game's server for event handling.
As the game grew, Jagex rewrote the engine for a new version with fully three-dimensional graphics called RuneScape 2. A beta version was released to paying members from 1 December 2003 until March 2004. Upon its official release, RuneScape 2 was renamed simply RuneScape, while the older version was kept online as RuneScape Classic. In January 2006, Jagex banned nearly 5,000 Classic accounts for cheating and restricted access to accounts that had recently played the game; additional reopenings occurred in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Jagex announced in May 2018 that RuneScape Classic would close because of accumulated bugs and incompatibility with the company's modern support tools. The servers were shut down on 6 August 2018.
Jagex displayed advertising above the game screen on free servers to support free-to-play access, and introduced a rule prohibiting advertisement blocking. In July 2006, Jagex signed an agreement with WildTangent to handle advertising around RuneScape in the United States and distribute the game through the WildTangent Games Network.
Jagex upgraded the game engine in May 2006 and released a high-detail mode in 2008. Language and regional versions followed, including German in 2007, French in 2008, Brazilian Portuguese in 2009 and Latin American Spanish in 2013. Jagex also pursued distribution partnerships outside the United Kingdom, including Zapak in India and Bigpoint in France and Germany.
In 2012, Jagex announced that an HTML5 version of RuneScape was in development for tablets, smart TVs and other platforms. The version was later branded RuneScape 3 and planned to use WebGL, a customisable user interface and improved audio. A closed beta of the HTML5 version began in April 2013, and RuneScape 3 was released on 22 July 2013. At RuneFest 2014, Jagex announced the C++ NXT client, intended to replace the Java client and the HTML5/WebGL client that had not progressed beyond beta, citing improved loading times, graphical effects and performance. After closed betas in February and March 2016, NXT was released publicly on 18 April 2016. RuneScape was released on Steam on 14 October 2020 and on iOS and Android on 16 June 2021.
Monetisation and microtransactions RuneScape uses a free-to-play model, with paid membership and optional purchases. Jagex introduced a monthly membership service in February 2002, giving subscribers access to additional areas, quests and items.
In February 2012, Jagex introduced the Squeal of Fortune, a daily prize-wheel feature that used spins to award items. In April 2012, the company began selling additional spins for real money, introducing microtransactions tied to gameplay rewards. The change was criticised by players, partly because Jagex CEO Mark Gerhard had previously described microtransactions as "a stealth tax". Jagex added Solomon's General Store, a cosmetic shop using RuneCoins, in July 2012.
Jagex introduced bonds in September 2013. Bonds can be purchased with real currency, traded to other players, and redeemed for membership or other account benefits; Jagex presented them as a legitimate alternative to illicit real-world trading.
In February 2014, Squeal of Fortune was replaced by Treasure Hunter, in which players used keys to open reward chests. Treasure Hunter remained controversial because keys could be purchased with real money and rewards could affect progression; GameSpot later described the system as effectively a loot box mechanic. In November 2025, Jagex announced that Treasure Hunter would be removed after a community vote in which more than 120,000 votes supported its removal. Treasure Hunter was removed on 19 January 2026, alongside the removal from sale of 225 Direct XP and skilling-related items, as part of Jagex's 2026 integrity roadmap.
Graphics and audio RuneScape has been updated through several client and engine generations. The first public version used a mixture of three-dimensional environments and two-dimensional sprites; RuneScape 2 introduced a fully three-dimensional engine in 2004, and a high-detail mode was released in 2008. An HTML5/WebGL client was announced for RuneScape 3, but Jagex later developed the standalone C++ NXT client to replace the Java client and HTML5 version that never left beta, citing improved loading times, graphical effects and performance. Players can run the game with different graphical settings, allowing higher-detail visuals on more powerful computers or lower-detail settings on less powerful systems.
RuneScape features a character-customisation system. Player characters are human, but players may choose the gender, hairstyle, facial hair, skin colour and clothing options. Appearance can also be changed by wearing or wielding items. Players can perform specialised animations called emotes, some of which are standard and others earned through gameplay or released during holiday events.
RuneScape has original music and ambient soundscapes. The music was designed to define the cultures of the game's locations, and ambient sounds occur in appropriate places, such as coastal areas. The game also incorporates voice acting in certain areas and situations. The game has a large original soundtrack. Early music was largely created with MIDI software; after the RuneScape 3 update, many newly released tracks used live studio recordings, including orchestral sessions recorded in Bratislava, Slovakia. James Hannigan also contributed orchestral music and arrangements to the game, while Old School RuneScape continues to use MIDI-style tracks. Guinness World Records recognised RuneScape for the most original pieces of music in a video game, including expansions, based on 1,198 tracks as of 25 July 2017.
Servers RuneScape game servers are known as "worlds". Players can choose worlds manually, and some worlds are labelled for particular activities or communities. Worlds have historically been divided between free-to-play access and members-only access, with Jagex adding or moving worlds as demand and infrastructure needs change.
Each world has historically supported up to 2,000 simultaneous players.
Old School RuneScape
In February 2013, a poll was opened allowing players to decide whether Jagex should open a separate incarnation of RuneScape based on an August 2007 backup of the game. Old School RuneScape was opened to paying subscribers on 22 February 2013 after the poll received 50,000 votes, and a free-to-play version was released on 19 February 2015. It was originally created as an exact copy of RuneScape from August 2007 and has since received regular updates. Under the current Old School RuneScape polling charter, a feature poll is considered successful if it receives more than 70% yes votes, while bug fixes, integrity changes and some balancing changes are not polled. On 17 July 2017, Jagex announced a mobile port of Old School RuneScape, which was released in 2018.
DarkScape On 16 September 2015, Jagex released DarkScape, a separate version of RuneScape which featured open-world player versus player combat. DarkScape was originally released with most of RuneScapes content, but received separate content updates. DarkScape was completely free to play, with some additional benefits reserved for paying subscribers. DarkScape closed on 28 March 2016 due to lack of interest.
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