State leaders in the 20th century BC – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 4th and 3rd millennium BC (4000–2001 BC).

Africa: Northeast

Lower Egypt Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs Sovereign Hsekiu Pharaoh — ? ? Khayu — ? ? Tiu — ? ? Thesh — ? ? Neheb — ? ? Wazner — Around 3100 BC? Mekh — ? ?

Upper Egypt Type Name Title Royal House From To Refs Sovereign Scorpion I Pharaoh — Around 3200 BC? Iry-Hor — Around 3150 BC? Ka — Around 3150 BC? Scorpion — Around 3150 BC? Narmer — Around 3150 BC?

Egypt united: Old Kingdom Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs Sovereign Narmer Pharaoh First dynasty 3150 BC? 3125 BC? Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe. A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1992, p. 389, . Hor-Aha Around 3050 BC? Djer 41–54 years Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and Its Associated Fragments, (Kegan Paul International), 2000. p.79 Djet 10–23 years Merneith ? ? Den 14–42 years Anedjib 8–10 years Semerkhet 8.5–9 years Qa'a 2916 BC? 2890 BC? Bard, Kathryn A. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 27, . Hotepsekhemwy Second dynasty 2890 BC? 2853 BC? Raneb 10–39 years Nynetjer 40–45 years Weneg 8 years Senedj 20 years Seth-Peribsen 17 years Sekhemib-Perenmaat ? ? Khasekhemwy 17–18 years 2686 BC? Sanakht Third dynasty 2686 BC 2668 BC Djoser 2668 BC 2649 BC Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258 Sekhemkhet 2649 BC 2643 BC Clayton (1994) p.32 Khaba 2643 BC 2637 BC Huni 2637 BC 2613 BC Clayton (1994) p.42 Sneferu Fourth dynasty 2613 BC 2589 BC Khufu 2589 BC 2566 BC Djedefre 2566 BC 2558 BC Khafre 2558 BC 2532 BC Menkaure 2532 BC 2503 BC Shepseskaf 2503 BC 2498 BC Userkaf Fifth dynasty 2498 BC or 2494 BC 2491 BC or 2487 BC Sahure 2490 BC or 2487 BC 2477 BC or 2475 BC Neferirkare Kakai 2477 BC or 2475 BC 2467 BC or 2455 BC Neferefre 2460 BC 2458 BC or 2425 BC Shepseskare 2467 BC or 2455 BC 2460 BC or 2448 BC Nyuserre Ini 2445 BC or 2425 BC 2422 BC or 2421 BC Menkauhor Kaiu 2422 BC or 2421 BC 2414 BC Djedkare Isesi 2414 BC 2375 BC Unas 2375 BC 2375 BC Teti Sixth dynasty 2345 BC 2333 BC Userkare 2333 BC 2332 BC Pepi I Meryre 2332 BC 2283 BC Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 2283 BC 2278 BC Pepi II Neferkare 2278 BC 2184 BC Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 2184 BC Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73 Neitiqerty Siptah 2184 BC 2181 BC

First Intermediate Period of Egypt Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs Sovereign Menkare Pharaoh Eighth dynasty ? ? Neferkare II ? ? Neferkare Neby ? ? Djedkare Shemai ? ? Neferkare Khendu ? ? Merenhor ? ? Neferkamin ? ? Nikare ? ? Neferkare Tereru ? ? Neferkahor ? ? Neferkare Pepiseneb ? ? Neferkamin Anu ? ? Qakare Ibi 2169 BC 2167 BC Neferkaure II 2167 BC 2163 BC Neferkauhor 2163 BC 2161 BC Neferirkare 2161 BC 2160 BC Neferkare VII Ninth dynasty ? ? Senenh/Setut ? ? Mer[ibre Khety] ? ? Shed— ? ? H— ? ? Meryhathor Tenth dynasty 2130 BC ? Neferkare IV ? ? Wahkare Khety I ? ? Merikare ? 2040 BC Mentuhotep I Eleventh dynasty ? ? Intef I 2134 BC 2118 BC or 2117 BC Intef II 2117 BC or 2112 BC 2069 BC or 2063 BC Intef III 2069 BC 2061 BC or 2060 BC Mentuhotep II 2061 BC or 2060 BC 2040 BC

Egypt reunited: Middle Kingdom

Eleventh Dynasty of Middle Kingdom Egypt (complete list) – Mentuhotep I, King (c.2135 BC) Intef I, King (c.2120 BC or c.2070 BC) Intef II, King (2112–2063 BC) Intef III, King (2069–2061 BC, 2063–2055 BC, or 2016–2009 BC) Mentuhotep II, King (c.2061–2010 BC) Mentuhotep III, King (2010 BC – 1998 BC)

Asia: West

Assyria: Early Assyrian period

Kings who Lived in Tents Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs Sovereign Tudiya King — 23rd century BC? Adamu — ? ? Yangi — ? ? Suhlamu — ? ? Harharu — ? ? Mandaru — ? ? Imsu — ? ? Harsu — ? ? Didanu — ? ? Hanu — ? ? Zuabu — ? ? Nuabu — ? ? Abazu — ? ? Belu — ? ? Azarah — ? ? Ushpia — Around 2030 BC? Apiashal — ? ?

Kings whose Fathers Are Known Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs Sovereign Apiashal King — ? ? Hale — ? ? Samani — ? ? Hayani — ? ? Ilu-Mer — ? ? Yakmesi — ? ? Yakmeni — ? ? Yazkur-el — ? ? Ila-kabkabu — ? ? Aminu — ? ?

Kings whose Eponyms Are not Known Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs Sovereign Sulili King — 21st century BC? Kikkiya — 21st century BC? Akiya — 21st century BC or early 20th century BC?

Ebla

Ebla: First Eblaite kingdom (complete list) – Sagisu, King (c.2680 BC, middle chronology) Kun-Damu, King (c.2400, middle chronology) Igrish-Halam, King (c.2360, middle chronology) Irkab-Damu, King (c.2340, middle chronology) Isar-Damu, King (c.2320, middle chronology)

Elam

Type Name Title Royal house From To Refs Sovereign Humbaba ? — Around 2700 BC Around 2680 BC Humban-Shutur ? — ? ? The unnamed king of Awan King of Awan Awan dynasty Around 2580 BC ? ...Lu ? ? Kur-Ishshak ? Around 2550 BC Peli Around 2500 BC ? Tata I ? ? Ukku-Tanhish ? ? Hishutash ? ? Shushun-Tarana ? ? Napi-Ilhush ? ? Kikku-Siwe-Temti ? ? Hishep-Ratep I ? ? Luh-ishan ? Around 2325 BC Hishep-Ratep II Around 2325 BC ? Emahsini Around 2315 BC 2311 BC Helu ? ? Khita Around 2250 BC Kutik-Inshushinak Around 2100 BC The unnamed king of Simashki King of Shimashki Shimashki dynasty ? Around 2100 BC Gir-Namme I ? ? Tazitta I Around 2040 BC Around 2037 BC Eparti I ? Around 2033 BC Gir-Namme II Around 2033 BC ? Tazitta II ? ? Lurak-Luhhan Around 2028 BC 2022 BC Hutran-Temti ? ? Indattu-Inshushinak I ? 2016 BC Kindattu Before 2006 BC After 2005 BC D. T. Potts (2016). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press. p. 135.

References

Footnotes

Literature

Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004.