Aghul is a Lezgic language within the Northeast Caucasian family, primarily spoken by the Aghuls in Azerbaijan and Southern Dagestan in Russia. It is spoken by about 33,200 people (2020 census).
Classification Aghul belongs to the Eastern Samur group of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. Glottolog splits the Aghul language between the Qushan/Koshan group and other Aghul dialects due to the Qushan dialects being unintelligible with the other dialects.
Geographic distribution
In 2002, Aghul was spoken by 28,300 people in Russia, mainly in Southern Dagestan in the Agulsky and Kurakhsky Districts, as well as 32 people in Azerbaijan.
Related languages There are nine languages in the Lezgian language family, namely: Aghul, Tabasaran, Rutul, Lezgian, Tsakhur, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.
Phonology Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants. Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages, a distinction between tense consonants with concomitant length and weak consonants. The tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of the consonant, so they are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic. The gemination of the consonant itself does not create its tension, but morphologically tense consonants often derive from adjoining two single weak consonants. Some Aghul dialects have a large number of permitted initial tense consonants.
Vowels +Vowels of AghulMagometov, Aleksandr Amarovic. 1970. Agul'skij jazyk: (issledovanie i teksty). Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo "Mecniereba".FrontCentralBackClose Mid Open
Consonants + Consonant phonemes of AghulLabialDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarUvularPharyn-gealGlottal plain sib. plain lab. Nasal Plosive/Affricate voiced voiceless fortis lenis ejective Fricative voiceless fortis lenis voiced Trill Approximant The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by the source.
Alphabet The Aghul alphabet was devised in the 1990s. Ever since then, it has been used as a language of education, with primers, textbooks, and dictionaries published. А а Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Гь гь ГӀ гӀД д Дж дж Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Кк кк Къ къ Кь кь КӀ кӀ Л л М м Н н О о П п Пп пп ПӀ пӀ Р р С с Т т Тт тт ТӀ тӀ У у Уь уь Ф ф Х х Хъ хъ Хь хь ХӀ хӀ Ц ц ЦӀ цӀ Ч ч Чч чч ЧӀ чӀ Ш ш Щ щ ъ Ӏ ы ь Э э Ю ю Я я
Grammar
Case There are four core cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and dative, as well as a large series of location cases. All cases other than the absolutive (which is unmarked) and ergative take the ergative suffix before their own suffix.
Adjectives Independent and predicative adjectives take number marker and class marker; also, case if used as nominal. As attribute they are invariable. Thus "good", ergative, , etc. -n, -s; pl. ; but "The good man killed the wolf" (subject in ergative case).
Pronouns
Personal pronouns Aghul Tokip Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 zun čin (ex), xin (in) či (ex), xi (in) či, xi 2 wun čun čun ču
Sample text
References
Bibliography
External links
Languages of the World report UCLA phonetics lab data for Aghul Aghul word lists from the UCLA phonetics lab archive Aghul basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database