Malayic languages

The Malayic languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The most prominent member is Malay, a pluricentric language given national status in Brunei and Singapore while also providing the basis for national standards Malaysian in Malaysia and Indonesian in Indonesia. The Malayic branch also includes local languages spoken by ethnic Malays (e.g. Jambi Malay, Kedah Malay), further several languages spoken by various other ethnic groups of Sumatra, Indonesia (e.g. Minangkabau) and Borneo (e.g. Banjarese, Iban) even as far as Urak Lawoi in the southwestern coast of Thailand.

In addition, the Malayic languages have been also used as lingue franche throughout Eastern Indonesia, such as Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara Islands, Maluku Islands, and Papua. The most probable candidate for the urheimat of the Malayic languages is western Borneo prior to spread in Sumatra.

History The term "Malayic" was first coined by in his lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages. Dyen's "Malayic hesion" had a wider scope than the Malayic subgroup in its currently accepted form, and also included Acehnese, Lampung and Madurese. narrowed down the range of Malayic, but included the non-Malayic languages Rejang and Embaloh:

Rejang Embaloh Salako Iban-Malayan Ibanic Malayan

The present scope of the Malayic subgroup, which is now universally accepted by experts in the field, was first proposed by K.A. Adelaar (1992, 1993), based on phonological, morphological and lexical evidence.

Languages Malayic languages are spoken on Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java and on several islands located in the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca. This list is limited to Malayic languages traditionally spoken by their respective ethnic groups, for non-traditional languages, see Malay trade and creole languages.

Borneo Language Country or administrative division Banjar (incl. Bukit Malay) Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan Brunei Malay (incl. Kedayan) Brunei, Labuan, Sabah, Sarawak Berau Malay East Kalimantan Ibanic branch (Iban, Remun, Mualang, Seberuang) Sarawak, West Kalimantan Kapuas Hulu Malay West Kalimantan Kendayan West Kalimantan Keninjal West Kalimantan Ketapang Malay West Kalimantan Kotawaringin Malay Central Kalimantan Kutai (Kota Bangun and Tenggarong varieties) East Kalimantan Malayic Dayak Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan Melawi Malay West Kalimantan Pontianak Malay West Kalimantan Sanggau Malay West Kalimantan Sambas Malay West Kalimantan Sarawak Malay Sarawak Sintang Malay West Kalimantan

Sumatra

Bilah–Panai Malay, Central Malay, Col, Haji, Jambi Malay, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Langkat Malay, Lubu, Minangkabau (incl. Jamee, Kampar, Kuantan, Mukomuko, and Pesisir), Musi, Palembang, Pekal, Riau Malay, Serdang Malay, Tamiang Malay

Malay Peninsula Language Country or administrative division Jakun Pahang, Johor Johor-Riau-Malacca (Malaccan) Malay along the western coasts of the Malay Peninsula, starting from southern Perak (Muallim District) to Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Negeri Sembilan (Port Dickson District), Malacca, Johor and Singapore. Kedah Malay Kedah, Penang, Perlis, northwestern Perak, Satun (Thailand), Tanintharyi (Myanmar) Kelantan-Patani Malay Kelantan, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Songkhla (Thepha District and Saba Yoi District), Terengganu (Besut and Setiu) Negeri Sembilan Malay Negeri Sembilan, Malacca (Naning), some areas in Pahang and Johor Pahang Malay Pahang, Terengganu (around areas of Pasir Raja), Negeri Sembilan (around Jelebu District) Penang Malay Penang Perak Malay Perak Reman Malay (offshoot of Kelantan-Patani language) Kedah (mainly in Baling District but also in Sik District and Yan District), Perak (Hulu Perak District) Orang Kanaq Johor Orang Seletar Johor Temuan Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Pahang Terengganu Malay Terengganu, Pahang (mainly Kuantan District and Rompin District), Johor (Mersing District and Tanjung Sedili) Tioman Malay Pahang (Tioman Island), Johor (Aur Island and Pemanggil Island) Urak Lawoi' Thailand (Phuket, Krabi, Satun)

Java Betawi (incl. Cocos Malay)

South China Sea Bangka Malay, Duano, Loncong, Orang Seletar

Subgrouping

Internal classification While there is general consensus about which languages can be classified as Malayic, the internal subgrouping of the Malayic languages have remained inconclusive.

Adelaar (1993) Adelaar (1993) classifies the Malayic languages as follows.

Malayic Iban

Malay Minangkabau Middle Malay Banjarese Betawi Others

Ross (2004) Based on grammatical evidence, Ross (2004) divides the Malayic languages into two primary branches:

Malayic Western Malayic Dayak (Kendayan, Salako) Nuclear Malayic (all other lects)

This classification was mirrored in the Glottolog (Version 3.4).

Anderbeck (2012) Following , Anderbeck (2012) makes a distinction between Malay and Malayic in his discussion about the dialects of the Sea Tribes in Riau Archipelago. He tentatively classifies all Malayic languages as belonging to a "Malay" subgroup, except Ibanic, Kendayan/Selako, Keninjal, Malayic Dayak (or "Dayak Malayic") and the "fairly divergent varieties" of Urak Lawoi' and Duano.

Malayic Ibanic Kendayan/Selako Keninjal Malayic Dayak Urak Lawoi' Duano Malay (including all other Malayic varieties)

Anderbeck's classification has been adopted in the 17th edition of the Ethnologue, with the sole exception of Duano, which is listed in the Ethnologue among the "Malay" languages.

Smith (2017) In his dissertation on the languages of Borneo, Smith (2017) provides evidence for a subgroup comprising Malayic isolects in western Borneo and southern Sumatra, which he labels "West Bornean Malayic".

Malayic West Bornean Malayic Kendayan-Salako (= Ross' "Western Malayic Dayak") Besemah Ibanic Iban Seberuang Mualang Keninjal Other Malayic (not a genetic subgroup) Malay Betawi Ketapang Malay Banjarese Kutai Brunei Malay

Glottolog Glottolog 5.2 classifies the Malayic languages into several groups, namely:

Malayic Duano Haji Malayic Dayak Old Malay Western Malayic Dayak Kendayan–Belangin Menterap Ibanic Keninjal Iban–Mualang–Seberuang Mualang Iban–Seberuang Seberuang Northern Iban Iban Remun Nuclear Malayic South Sumatra Malay Kaur South Barisan Malay Standard Malay–Indonesian Standard Indonesian Standard Malay Betawic Betawi Cocos Islands Malay Peranakan Indonesian Central Sumatran Malay Kubu Music Col Musi East Borneo Malay Kota Bangun Kutai Malay Banjar–Berau–Brunei Malay Banjar–Bukit Malay Banjar Bukit Malay Berau–Brunei Malay Berau Malay Bruneic Malay Sabah Malay Brunei–Bacan Malay Bacanese Malay Brunei Northern Sumatra Malay Jambi Malay Bangka–Belitung Malay Bangka Loncong Kerinci–Minangkabau Kerinci Minangkabauic Lubu Minangkabau Negeri Sembilan Malay Pekal Greater Riau–Johoric Balinese Malay Central Malay Jakun Orang Kanaq Orang Selatar Temuan Tenggarong Kutai Malay Northeastern Peninsular Malay Kedah–Perak Malay Kelantan–Pattani Malay Urak Lawoiʼ Vehicular Malay Baba Malay Makassar Malay Malaccan Creole Malay Sri Lanka Malay Eastern Indonesia Trade Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Papuan Malay Ambonic Malay Ambonese Malay Banda Malay Manadoic Malay Gorap Manado Malay North Moluccan Malay

Position within Austronesian The inclusion of the Malayic languages within the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup is undisputed, and there is general consensus that the Chamic languages are closely related to Malayic. The wider affiliations of the Malayic languages are however controversial. There are two major proposals: Adelaar (2005) places Malayic within the Malayo-Sumbawan subgroup, which comprises the following languages:

Malayo-Sumbawan Malayo-Chamic-BSS Malayic languages Chamic languages Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa languages Sundanese Madurese

Blust (2010) and Smith (2017) assign Malayic to the Greater North Borneo subgroup:

Greater North Borneo North Borneo languages Central Sarawak languages Kayan–Murik languages Land Dayak languages Malayo–Chamic Chamic languages Malayic languages Rejang language Sundanese language

The Malayo-Sumbawan hypothesis is mainly based on phonological evidence with a few shared lexical innovations, while the Greater North Borneo hypothesis is based on a large corpus of lexical evidence.

Malayic languages

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