Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino (STT) ("Technical Establishment of Trieste") was a private shipbuilding company based in Trieste from the mid-19th to early 20th century, and the most important naval shipbuilding firm of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

After World War I, Trieste was annexed by Italy and the firm built naval and commercial vessels for its new host country. STT was merged with another Italian shipbuilding firm, Cantiere Navale Triestino, in 1929 to form Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico (CRDA). As CRDA Trieste, its shipyards remained active well into the postwar period, becoming part of the Fincantieri group in 1984.

History

Austro-Hungarian ownership

Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino had its origins in a private shipyard founded by Gaspare Tonello at San Marco on the coastline west of Trieste, in 1838. In 1857 the shipyard was merged with a local manufacturer of marine engines to become STT. A second shipyard was also acquired, at San Rocco near the town of Muggia just south of Trieste.

STT was the largest and most important shipbuilder in the Austrian Empire and its successor state, the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Winklareth, p. 292. The company built most of the Austro-Hungarian Navy's capital ships, as well as many merchant vessels. In the 1860s and 1870s, STT built five of the Austro-Hungarian Navy's seven centre-battery ships (a forerunner of the battleship), as well as a number of ironclads, cruisers, frigates and corvettes. Between 1884 and 1914, the company built 13 of the Austro-Hungarian Navy's 16 battleships, including all three battleships of the , all three of the , and three of the four .Preston, p. 65—Extract. (the Tegetthoff class was also known as the Viribus Unitus class). It also built the three coastal defence battleships of the .

In 1909 Rudolf Montecuccoli, chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, pressured STT (together with Škoda) to start work on two dreadnoughts, and , even though approval of the budget for them was held up in the Austro-Hungarian Reichstag who was concerned about Italy and France embarking on dreadnought projects of their own. Montecuccoli was compelled to resort to an intricate web of propaganda and deception to camouflage the fact that the new ships did not have Reichstag approval. He asserted that industry was financing the construction of two dreadnoughts on speculation; this was completely untrue, and both STT and Skoda were extremely nervous about the subterfuge. In the event, the two ships could not be laid down until after Montecuccoli took an expensive 32 million crown credit in 1910 upon his own responsibility. The parliamentary approval was only granted in March 1911, when the dreadnoughts were already under construction. STT then also got the contract for the .

By 1914, the San Rocco shipyard had five slipways of between 350 and 500 feet (three of which served to construct battleships) as well as a 350-foot dry dock and a 400-foot floating dock. The company had its own plant in Muggia for the manufacturer of engines and boilers, and a licence from the United Kingdom to produce Parsons steam turbines. In the years prior to World War I, the company's workforce had been gradually expanded from 2,700 to approximately 3,200.Vego, p. 30—Extract.

Following Italy's entry into World War I against the Central Powers (which included Austria-Hungary), STT was stripped of its Italian name and given the patriotic German name Austriawerft. Austriawerft was contracted to build two new battleships during the war, but these were cancelled in 1915, probably due to the company's loss of skilled workers, most of whom were Italian. Two submarines contracted to the company later in the war also had to be cancelled due to the lack of experienced submarine technicians.

Italian ownership After the Austro-Hungarian Empire broke up at the close of World War I, the region of Trieste was ceded to Italy and Austriawerft became an Italian firm, whereupon its original name, Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino, was restored. During the 1920s, STT built the heavy cruiser for the Italian navy, and the luxury commercial liner .

In 1929, STT merged with another Italian company, Cantieri Navale Triestino based at Monfalcone, to form Cantieri Riuniti dell' Adriatico (CRDA) (United Shipbuilders of the Adriatic), and the STT component was named CRDA Trieste. CRDA Trieste built a number of light and heavy cruisers for the Regia Marina Italia (Royal Italian Navy) between the wars, as well as some 27 submarines. The ocean liner was also constructed there in 1932.

During the Second World War, CRDA Trieste built two battleships for the Regia Marina, and . CRDA Trieste survived the postwar shakeup in the shipbuilding industry and went on to build several more commercial liners in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as a few naval vessels. In 1984, CRDA was sold to the Fincantieri Group, and its Trieste shipyards were no longer considered important ship construction or repair facilities. However, as of 2000, the shipyards still retained three dry docks capable of serving ships up to 25,000, 35,000 and 170,000 tons respectively.Winklareth, p. 293.

Production

STT (Austria-Hungary) The following table lists the capital ships built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. An asterisk denotes a unique ship.

+ Capital ships Ship Type Class Built Disp.Disp.=displacement in tons. For commercial vessels (ie ocean liners), it represents gross tonnage (GRT). Notes Ironclad Erzherzog Ferdinand Max 1866 N/A Scrapped 1917 Ironclad Erzherzog Ferdinand Max 1866 N/A Scrapped 1900 Ironclad *Asterisk indicates that this is the only ship in its class. 1869 2,000 Built for Greek Navy, scrapped 1925 (or Niclas Zrinyi) Screw corvette Zrinyi 1871 1,450 Scrapped after 1920 Centre-battery * 1871 7,178 Scrapped 1895 Screw frigate RadetzkyNot to be confused with the Radetzky-class battleship. 1873 4,000 To Italy in 1919,Most of Austria-Hungary's ships were confiscated as part of war reparations by the victorious Allies after World War One. scrapped 1921 Centre-battery * 1874 6,500 To Italy in 1920, scrapped 1955 Laudon Screw frigate Radetzky 1875 4,000 To SHS 1919, to Italy in 1921, scrapped 1924 Centre-battery * 1875 7,700 To Italy in 1919, scrapped after collision, 1925 Centre-battery Kaiser Max 1876 4,000 Sunk, 1919 Centre-battery Kaiser Max 1878 4,000 To Serbo-Croatia 1920, sunk as breakwater, 1945 Centre-battery TegetthoffNot to be confused with the Tegetthoff-class battleships, which came later. 1881 8,000 To Italy in 1919, scrapped after 1921 Battleship * 1887 5,631 To Italy in 1919, scrapped 1926 Torpedo cruiser * 1888 1,683 To Italy in 1919, scrapped 1920 Torpedo/ram cruiser Kaiser Franz Joseph I 1890 4,500 Capsized and sank, Oct 1919 Torpedo/ram cruiser Kaiser Franz Joseph I 1892 4,500 Scuttled Nov 1914 at Qingdao, China Armoured cruiser * 1895 6,000 To United Kingdom in 1919, scrapped 1921 Coastal defence 1898 5,878 To United Kingdom in 1919, scrapped 1921 Coastal defence 1898 5,878 Torpedoed 1916, salvaged 1925, fate unknown Coastal defence 1898 5,878 To United Kingdom in 1919, scrapped 1921 Armoured cruiser * 1900 7,000 To United Kingdom in 1919, scrapped 1922 Battleship 1902 N/A To United Kingdom in 1919, scrapped 1922 Battleship 1903 N/A To United Kingdom in 1919, scrapped 1922 Battleship 1904 N/A To United Kingdom in 1919, scrapped 1922 Battleship 1906 11,000 To France in 1919, scrapped 1921 Battleship 1907 11,000 To France in 1919, scrapped 1921 Battleship 1907 11,000 To United Kingdom in 1919, scrapped 1921 Battleship Also known as the Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand class.1908 15,000 To Italy in 1918, scrapped 1922 Battleship 1911 16,000 To South Slavic 1918, scrapped 1922 Battleship 1911 16,000 To South Slavic 1918, scrapped 1922 Battleship Also known as the Viribus Unitis class. 1913 21,000 To South Slavic in 1918, to Italy in 1918, scrapped in 1924 Battleship 1912 21,000 To South Slavic in 1918, scrapped 1920–1922 Battleship 1914 21,000 To South Slavic in 1918, to Italy in 1919, to France in 1920, sunk as target 1922 Battleship N/A 25,000 Cancelled 1915 Battleship N/A 25,000 Cancelled 1915 References: Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905 Historical Handbook of World Navies website, Naval History Flixco website

STT (Italy) The following table lists ships built by STT after the Italian takeover.List may be incomplete.

+ Production Ship Type Class Built Disp. Notes Trieste Cruiser Trento 1926 13,545 Sunk by bombing, 1943 Ocean liner N/A 1928 25,661 Scrapped 1961 Reference: Winklareth p. 292

CRDA Trieste The following table lists ships built at the former STT shipyards after the company's 1929 merger with Cantieri Navale Triestino to form CRDA.

+ Production Ship Type Class Built Disp. Notes Various Submarines N/A 1931–40 N/A 27 submarines Cruiser 1931 14,530 Sunk 1941 Light cruiser 1931 7,113 Scrapped, 1951 Ocean liner N/A 1932 48,502 Scuttled 1943 Light cruiser 1935 8,994 Sunk by bombing, 1942 Light cruiser 1937 11,735 Converted to guided missile cruiser, 1957, scrapped 1972 Battleship 1940 45,752 Scrapped 1946? Battleship 1942 45,752 Sunk by bombing, 1943 Donizetti Ocean liner N/A 1951 N/A N/A Rossini Ocean liner N/A 1951 N/A N/A Verdi Ocean liner N/A 1951 N/A N/A Ocean liner N/A 1952 27,090 operating as restaurant ship, MS Philippines, in 1999. Sold for scrap in 2012 Ocean liner N/A 1965 45,933 Sold to Iran and converted as floating barracks, 1977, sunk by bombing in 1983 Reference: Winklareth pp. 292–293

Footnotes

References Capital ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, Historical Handbook of World Navies website. Ships built by Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino, Naval History Flixco website. Chesneau, Koleśnik & Campbell (1979): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905, Conway, , pp. 267–277. Extract. Preston, Antony (2002): The World's Worst Warships, Conway Publishing, , p. 65. Vego, Milan N. (1996): Austro-Hungarian Naval Policy, 1904–14, Taylor & Francis, , p. 30. Winklareth, Robert J. (2000): Naval Shipbuilders of the World – From the Age of Sail to the Present Day, Chatham Publishing, , pp. 292–293.

it:Cantiere navale di Trieste#Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino