The Abbey of St Mary and St Ethelburga, founded in the 7th century and commonly known as Barking Abbey, is a former Roman Catholic, royal monastery located in Barking, in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. It has been described as having been "one of the most important nunneries in the country".
Originally established in the 7th century, from the late 10th century the abbey followed the Rule of St Benedict. The abbey had a large endowment and sizeable income but suffered severely after 1377, when the River Thames flooded around of the abbey's land, which was unable to be reclaimed. However, at the time of the dissolution, it was still the third-wealthiest women's monastery in England.
The abbey existed for almost 900 years, until its closure in 1539, as part of Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. It had many notable abbesses including several saints, former queens and the daughters of kings. The abbess of Barking held precedence over all other abbesses in England.
The ruined remains of Barking Abbey now form part of a public open space known as Abbey Green. It is recognisable for its partially restored Grade-II* Listed Curfew Tower, which features on the coat of arms of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham.
Barking Abbey is also notable because the adjacent St Margaret's Church, a Grade I listed building dating back to the 13th century, was built within its grounds. The Abbey Ruins are used as a venue each May for outdoor classical concerts, as well as an annual pilgrimage by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church."Pan-Orthodox Pilgrimage to Saints of Barking" , 23 April 2017, Orthodox London. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
History
Anglo-Saxon founding
Barking Abbey was founded c. 660–664 or 666Chertsey Register (British Library, MS Cotton Vitellius A.XIII, fol. 10) by Earconwald (later Bishop of London) for his sister Ethelburga. At the same time, he founded Chertsey Abbey for himself. Earconwald died at the abbey in 693, and his body was taken to St Paul's Cathedral in London for burial. Bede recounts many miracles associated with the early abbey.
Barking Abbey was initially dedicated to the Virgin Mary and later to both St Mary and St Ethelburga, who served as its first abbess. The original abbey was a double monastery that followed either the Rule of St Columbanus or the Benedictine Rule, and it was built of wood, wattle and daub, and reused Roman tile. During Ethelburga's lifetime, the abbey's holdings were enlarged by the Hodilred Charter and possibly the Earconwald Charter.
Ethelburga was taught and succeeded as abbess by Hildelith of Faremoutier, who retained the position until her death c. 712. At this time, the abbey was a centre of learning and its nuns were the dedicatees of Aldhelm's De virginitate c. 700.
The abbey was burned by Vikings c. 871, and the nuns fled to their London estate, probably All Hallows Barking by the Tower. Goscelin, writing c. 1087, describes St Ethelburga miraculously summoning a wolf, bear, and lion to defend the empty monastery, and relates another raid whereupon the abbess and nuns defiantly barricaded themselves inside the abbey, which the invaders then set alight.
The abbey was refounded as a female-only community in the early–mid 10th century, and Wulfhilda (Wlfhildis) became abbess c. 963. Wulfhilda had grown up at Wilton Abbey, Wiltshire. King Edgar the Peaceful fell in love with Wulfhilda at Wilton, but she was committed to pursuing a religious life and spurned his advances, presents and offers of marriage. Eventually Edgar tried to entrap Wulfhilda; getting her aunt, Abbess Wenflaeda of Wherwell to fake an illness and summon Wulfhilda, with Edgar instead waiting when Wulfhilda arrived. On arriving, she "found his fervour so alarming that she fled, leaving her sleeve in his hand, and escaping through the drains".
Wulfhilda pursued her ambition and became a nun. King Edgar then created her Abbess of Barking and donated "considerable estates" to Barking Abbey. Wulfhilda herself donated 20 villages to the abbey and established another monastery at Horton in Kent.
King Edgar's eventual queen, Ælfthryth became jealous of Wulfhilda, and following her husband's death deposed her as Abbess of Barking. Wulfhilda was later restored by Edgar's and Ælfthryth's son, Æthelred the Unready.
Another version of the story says that Queen Ælfthryth, as overseer of the abbey, deposed the abbess Wulfida after complaints made by the nuns; and that it was the Queen, not her son, who reinstated her twenty years later.
Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, changed Barking Abbey to follow the Rule of St Benedict. According to medieval scholar Katie Ann-Marie Bugyis, Barking Abbey may have been "especially devoted to Martha", the sister of Mary of Bethany and Lazarus in the Gospels of Luke and John. In , Osbert of Clare wrote a letter to Adelzia, who was abbess at the time, requesting that the Barking Abbey nuns pray for him; Katie Ann-Marie Bugyis states that it demonstrates his "confidence in the promptness and solicitude" of their prayers.Bugyis, p. 265
After the Norman Conquest At the time of the Norman conquest of England, the abbess was Æfgiva. William the Conqueror confirmed Æfgiva's control of the abbey with a royal charter issued in either November or December 1066. William granted her "my peace and love, and all my rights within and without the burgh as fully as any abbess in that monastery of St Mary had them in the time of King Edward". At the time, King William was staying at Barking Abbey whilst he constructed the Tower of London. It was also at the abbey that King William received the submissions of the brothers Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, and Edwin, Earl of Mercia; Morcar and Edwin's sister, Queen Ealdgyth was the widow of the defeated King Harold II (Godwinson).
During her tenure as abbess, Æfgiva expanded and rebuilt the abbey, tearing down the existing building and founding "a church which rivalled the heights of the country." She also commissioned Goscelin of Saint-Bertin to write a series of hagiographies for Ethelburga, Hildelith, and Wulfhilda, which he completed c. 1087. The relics of the three saints were then translated into the new church and reburied under the abbey's choir.
In 1086, the abbey and its holdings were documented in the Domesday Book.
Queen Maud/Matilda (c.1080–1 May 1118), wife of King Henry I, financed the construction of two stone bridges and a causeway over the branches of the River Lea in Stratford-by-Bow. As Barking Abbey was the closest to the bridges, the queen gave the abbey the responsibility for maintaining the bridges and donated lands as an endowment to finance those future repairs. After the foundation of Stratford Langthorne Abbey in 1135 (which was closer to the bridges), the Abbess of Barking transferred the responsibility to Stratford. This started a dispute between the two abbeys which was not settled until 1315. A settlement was reached when the Abbess of Barking paid the Abbot of Stratford Langthorne £200 (); in return, the abbot agreed to maintain the bridges and causeway and to pay an annual rent of four marks (£2 13s 4d or c. £2.67, ) to the abbess.
Mary Becket, the sister of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, was created abbess of Barking in 1173, as reparation for the murder of her brother.
The abbey has been described as "perhaps the longest lived...institutional centre of literary culture for women in British history". During the 12th century, Clemence of Barking, a nun at the abbey and a rare female author in this period, wrote, among other works, an innovative life of St Catherine of Alexandria, a saint associated with female learning.History Today https://www.historytoday.com/archive/out-margins/cultured-women-essex
In the early 13th century, the east end of the abbey was expanded into a saints' chapel, where the relics of Ethelburga, Hildelith, and Wulfhilda were translated and given greater prominence. The church was rededicated by Abbess Mabel de Bosham (1215–1247).
Prior to 1214, as a "royal foundation", the abbesses of Barking had been chosen by the King. However, following pressure from the Pope, King John allowed the nuns to conduct elections to choose their abbess. The crown would later, however, claim they [it?] had the right to select a nun to join the abbey each time a new monarch acceded to the throne. This privilege was used to nominate Alice de Belhus on the accession of King Edward II in 1307, Margaret Swinford (daughter of Katherine Swynford and later abbess) on the accession of King Richard II in 1377, Maud Kylet in 1404 (five years after the accession of Henry IV), and Goda Hapton in 1430 (eight years after the accession of Henry VI).
The abbey's status granted it several rights and responsibilities. The abbess had precedence over all the other abbesses in England. She was also one of four abbesses who, "holding of the king by barony" were required to perform military service. The abbess had to perform these duties during the reigns of both Henry III and Edward I.
In the Taxation Rolls of 1291, the abbey was recorded as having an income of £300 13s 1¼d ().
Elizabeth de Burgh Queen of Scots, captured by the English in 1306, was confined here from March 1313 to March 1314.
Elizabeth de Clare was briefly imprisoned in Barking Abbey in 1322, as part of a campaign to force her to surrender some of her Welsh estates to Hugh Despenser the younger. Whilst imprisoned some of her "valuable possessions" were extorted but they were later recovered.
In 1377 a larger portion of the abbey's lands near to the River Thames was flooded. The devastation was severe and the abbey's fortunes never completely recovered: The devastation of the land, and the high cost of repairing dykes led to the abbey's impoverishment.
In 1382 the abbey's lands were recorded as still "inundated" (flooded), and their yearly income had fallen to 400 marks (). In 1409, 32 years after the flood, the land had still not been reclaimed, despite the abbey having spent over £2,000 (equivalent to £ million in ) in attempts to save it. Around 720 acres of land had been lost; 600 of which was in Dagenham Marsh. Various attempts were made to try to help the abbey. In 1380 the king released the abbey from certain charges. In 1384 they were given permission to "impress" (force) labourers to help improve the situation on Dagenham Marsh. The abbey was granted "various liberties in Becontree hundred" in 1392 and 1462, and exempted from payment of "tenths" for ten years from 1409. It seems the land was never reclaimed, as during the reign of King Henry VII (1485–1509) the flooded lands were "exempted from the statute", thus "extending the jurisdiction of the Mayor of London as the conservator of the Thames".
In 1381 Elizabeth Chaucer became a nun at the abbey. Elizabeth was the daughter of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer and Philippa De Roet. When Elizabeth joined the abbey John of Gaunt, a royal prince, paid £51 8s 2d () "for expenses and gifts" for the occasion. Geoffrey Chaucer was in the service of the king's court and John of Gaunt much of his life. Katherine Swynford, who eventually became the wife of John of Gaunt, was Philippa Chaucer's sister. Elizabeth Chaucer's brother, Thomas Chaucer, served in John of Gaunt's home at an early age and rose through the ranks to become very successful. Thomas's daughter would go on to become Duchess of Suffolk.Chaucer by Peter Ackroyd Copyright 2004 Doubleday
In 1404, Barking Abbey is recorded as having a librarian, one of just three insular abbeys to do so. Several 15th-century manuscripts used at Barking Abbey survive, including a hymnalCambridge, Trinity College, MS 1226 (O.3.54) and Ordinale and Customary.Oxford, University College MS 16 The latter includes a calendar, instructions on how to perform certain rites, and commemorations of Barking's three saintly abbesses (Ethelburga, Hildelith, and Wulfhilda).