The was an of the French Navy of central battery design. She was built in the late 1870s and early 1880s. The ship was an enlarged version of the earlier ironclad , carrying a heavier main battery. and her sister ship were the largest central-battery ironclads ever built by any navy. They were armed with eight large-caliber guns, four weapons and four guns, the former in the central, armored battery and the latter in open barbettes on the upper deck. They were capable of steaming at a speed of around .
After entering service in 1882, completed sea trials, but almost immediately returned to the shipyard for modifications to her guns, which were completed in 1885. She then served in the main fleet. She took part in routine training exercises and experiments in the Mediterranean Sea through the 1880s. A major accident involving one of the 340 mm guns aboard another ship led to having those weapons replaced by guns. She thereafter returned to routine training exercises through the mid-1890s.
was reduced to reserve status in 1897, being reactivated only for major training exercises. The ship was heavily reconstructed between 1899 and 1902, which included an entirely new armament and propulsion system. She was transferred to the Northern Squadron, but despite the modernization, she never returned to active service. Stricken from the naval register in 1909, the ship was used in subsidiary roles, initially as a training ship. During World War I, she was converted into a prison ship. She was eventually sold to ship breakers in 1921, but ran aground while under tow in 1922. was refloated in 1927 and scrapped.
Design
The were authorized under the naval construction Program of 1872, which began with the ironclad that year. Shortly thereafter, Italy began work on the very large s in the early 1870s, but the French initially ignored the development and instead chose to base the design for its next ironclad on that of . The new ship was to be enlarged significantly to incorporate a more powerful armament. The resulting design was ordered for two vessels, and , which were the largest central-battery ships ever built by any navy. They are sometimes called the class, as she had begun construction first, though was launched and completed earlier.
was long overall, with a beam of and a draft of . She displaced . As was standard for French capital ships of the period, she had a pronounced ram bow. She was fitted with three pole masts equipped with spotting tops for her main-battery guns. The crew numbered 689 officers and enlisted men.
Her propulsion machinery consisted of two compound steam engines with steam provided by twelve coal-burning fire-tube boilers. Her engines were rated to produce for a top speed of . The ship had a cruising radius of at an economical speed of . To supplement the steam engines, she was equipped with a three-masted full-ship rig, though this was quickly reduced to a barque rig.
Her main battery consisted of four , 18-caliber guns mounted in a central, armored casemate. Two guns could fire ahead on a limited arc and two could fire astern. These were supported by a secondary battery of four guns and a tertiary battery of six guns. The 240 mm guns were in open, unarmored barbettes on the upper deck; two were placed abreast the funnels, the third forward, and the fourth gun was located aft. For defense against torpedo boats, she carried eight 1-pounder Hotchkiss revolver cannon, all in individual mounts. Her armament was rounded out with five torpedo tubes in above-water launchers.
The ship was protected with wrought-iron armor; her belt was thick and extended for the entire length of the hull. The armored casemate for the main battery was thick. On either end of the battery, an armor deck that was thick protected the ship's internal spaces; it was connected to the upper edge of the armor belt.
Service history Construction – 1889
The keel for was laid down in Lorient 20 December 1875, and she was launched on 19 August 1879. The ship was placed in limited commission for sea trials in October 1881, and on full commission for active service on 15 July 1882. During her trials, her crew found the vessel difficult to steer, owing to the combination of a single rudder and two propellers, as well as her flat bottom. She proved to be a stable gun platform, however. Between December 1882 and June 1883, hydraulic mountings for the main battery guns were installed to make them easier for the crew to work. The ship finally joined the Mediterranean Fleet, the main French fleet, on 31 January 1885.
In 1886, the ship was assigned to the training squadron, and on 2–3 March 1886, she took part in experiments with torpedo boats to determine the effectiveness of various attack angles. Later on the 3rd, and the ironclads , , , , and conducted shooting practice using the old ironclad as a target. They fired at a range of and scored 22 percent hits with cast-iron practice shells, though they conducted the test under unrealistic conditions, with anchored in a calm sea. The year's large-scale maneuvers were held off Toulon from 10 to 17 May, and they tested the effectiveness of torpedo boats in defending the coastline from a squadron of ironclads, whether cruisers and torpedo boats could break through a blockade of ironclads, and whether a flotilla of torpedo boats could intercept ironclads at sea.
Another major set of exercises was held from 2 to 12 June at Ajaccio on the island of Corsica; and several other ironclads simulated a fleet attacking the port, which was defended by a coastal defense ship, three cruisers, and twenty torpedo boats. The ironclad squadron thereafter sailed to Oran, French Algeria, for another round of maneuvers that began on 25 June. During these exercises, the ironclads simulated an enemy fleet passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to attack the French Mediterranean coast; torpedo boats attempted to intercept them off Mallorca. From the year's maneuvers, the French concluded that the torpedo boats of the day were not sufficiently powerful enough to achieve any of the goals that had been assigned to them, particularly further from coast, but nevertheless still posed significant threats to blockading warships. These lessons spurred the development of larger torpedo boats better able to operate at sea.
In May 1887, took part in exercises to practice convoy escort; the French Army kept significant forces in French North Africa, and these units would have to be transported back to Europe in the event of a major conflict. , , , and were assigned to serve as simulated troop ships, escorted by , , , and the ironclad . A squadron of cruisers and torpedo boats was tasked with intercepting the convoy. The convoy used bad weather to make the passage, as heavy seas kept the torpedo boats from going to sea. participated in the 1889 fleet exercises in company with eight other ironclads and numerous smaller craft. served as part of the simulated enemy force during the maneuvers, which lasted from 30 June to 6 July. The exercises concluded with a simulated amphibious landing at Hyères carried out by the enemy squadron on 6 July, which the defending force was unable to prevent. A second round of exercises was held later that month, beginning on 23 July. The enemy squadron conducted a simulated attack on Toulon that night, but poor weather prevented further operations and the maneuvers were cancelled later on the 24th.
1890–1927
In 1890, she was allocated to the 2nd Division of the Mediterranean Squadron, along with and . Later that year, the ship main battery guns were condemned after an accident aboard and a subsequent investigation revealed that all of the 340 mm guns in French service were defective. went to Brest to have her guns replaced. Older 25-caliber guns that were converted from coastal artillery weapons were installed in place of the defective guns. The ship returned to service by 1891, and she participated in the fleet maneuvers that year in the 1st Division, along with and the ironclad . The maneuvers began on 23 June and lasted until 11 July, during which operated as part of the simulated hostile force that attempted to attack the southern French coast.
The ship remained in the Mediterranean Fleet through 1893, along with her sister, , the two ships, and the newer ironclads and the three vessels. She participated in the 1893 maneuvers, now as part of the 3rd Division in company with the ironclad and . This year, served as the divisional flagship, hosting Rear Admiral Gadaud. The maneuvers included an initial period of exercises from 1 to 10 July and then larger-scale maneuvers from 17 to 28 July. remained in service with the Mediterranean Fleet through 1895, by which time the unit consisted of , the two s, and the three s, along with several cruisers and torpedo vessels. During that year's maneuvers, which began on 1 July, the 1st Squadron conducted a training cruise and practice shooting while the Reserve Squadron mobilized its ships. The main period of exercises saw the fleet divided into three units and was assigned to the first unit, which was tasked with effecting a rendezvous at sea with the second squadron and then attacking Ajaccio. The maneuvers concluded on 27 July.
The composition of the Mediterranean Fleet changed little in 1896, apart from the addition of the new pre-dreadnought battleship . That year's maneuvers lasted from 6 to 30 July and took place off the coast of French Algeria. By 1897, had been reduced to the Reserve Squadron of the French fleet, which also included the ironclad , , , and . She remained in the Reserve Squadron in 1898, by which time the French Navy had begun rebuilding several of its older ironclads. As a result, the only other members of the unit were and . She took part in the fleet maneuvers that year, which lasted from 5 to 25 July. She served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Godin during the maneuvers. In December, the ship had her mainmast removed at Brest.
In 1899, the ship was modernized extensively, receiving new water-tube boilers, a revised armament, and a pair of new masts with fighting tops in place of her original three. The 320 mm guns were replaced with 270 mm 20-caliber M1875 guns in the battery, and the original 270 mm guns in the barbettes were replaced with either four, or two guns. Her 140 mm guns were replaced with new guns. Later that year, she was nominally transferred to the Northern Squadron in the English Channel, along with the two s, , , and , since more modern pre-dreadnought battleships built in the mid-1890s had entered service by that time, though she remained under construction into 1901. By the time work was completed, she had also had her original propulsion system replaced with triple-expansion steam engines. was recommissioned for sea trials on 10 March 1902, but she was never placed in full commission.
was struck from the naval register on 5 February 1909 and thereafter attached to the 2nd Depot based at Brest. She was used as a training ship for engine room personnel from 1910 to 1911, thereafter being used to support the protected cruiser to train boatswains from 1911 to 1912. was removed from service by April 1913 and towed to Landévennec, where she was laid up for a year. In July 1914, she was towed to Lorient for torpedo tests. From October, she was used as a prison ship for prisoners of war taken during World War I. She served in that capacity through the end of the war, into 1919. In May 1921, the French navy sold to a Paris-based firm that in turn sold the vessel to shipbreakers in Hamburg, Germany. She was taken under tow on 7 May 1922 along with the old coastal defense ship , but while she was leaving Lorient, ran hard aground and could not be immediately freed. A lengthy salvage operation ensued, and she was eventually refloated on 18 April 1927. The ship was then intentionally grounded at Port-Louis, where she was broken up in situ.
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