The U.S. state of Colorado has had a system of direct voting since gaining statehood in 1876. Citizens and the Colorado General Assembly both have the ability to place new legislation, those recently passed by the General Assembly, and constitutional amendments on the ballot for a popular vote. Colorado has three types of ballot measures that can be voted on in a statewide election: initiatives, referendums, and legislatively referred measures. For a measure to be placed on the ballot, supporters must gather signatures from registered voters. From 1877 to 1910, the only ballot measures allowed were legislatively referred measures. In 1910, Referendum 3 was placed on the ballot by the General Assembly and passed, creating a citizen-led process for initiatives and referendums. The first successful citizen-initiated measures were passed in 1912.
Since that time, ballot measures have played a major role in Colorado politics. After Denver was awarded the hosting rights to the 1976 Winter Olympics, citizens moved to block funding the games with a referendum in 1972. A 1990 ballot measure instituting term limits for many elected officials helped galvanize a nationwide movement for term limits, and in 2000 Amendment 20 legalized the medical use of marijuana. That measure was followed by full legalization in 2012 with Amendment 64, and the legalization of psilocybin mushrooms in 2022 with Proposition 122.
Background
The 1876 Constitution of Colorado included procedures for the General Assembly to place measures on the ballot in a statewide election. In the 1890s, a grassroots movement to increase citizen power began, culminating in a special session of the legislature to discuss initiative and referendums in 1910. That session resulted in 1910's Referendum 3, which passed with over 76% of the vote and created a citizen-initiated process.
Propositions are statutory and amend the Colorado Revised Statutes, whereas amendments change the state constitution. From 1877 to 2016, constitutional amendments, like propositions, required only a simple majority to pass. Following the passage of Amendment 71 in 2016, amendments require 55% of the vote to pass, unless the amendment is to remove language from the constitution. Referred propositions and amendments are lettered, whereas citizen initiatives are numbered.
In 2020, as part of his administration's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Governor Jared Polis issued an emergency rule allowing petition signature gatherers to do so via email and mail, rather than in-person efforts. The change, while upheld by the Denver District Court, was overturned by the Colorado Supreme Court later that year.
After the 1876 Constitution was adopted, a legislatively referred constitutional amendment that would have granted women the right to vote was placed on the ballot for the 1877 election. The measure failed, with over two-thirds of voters against it. Henry Blackwell, a founder of the American Woman Suffrage Association, summed up the unsuccessful campaign by saying "Woman Suffrage can never be carried by a popular vote without a political party behind it". Blackwell was proven correct in 1893 when, in part due to gains made by the Colorado People's Party in the General Assembly, voters supported a women's suffrage ballot measure by a margin.
In 1970, the International Olympic Committee granted Denver hosting rights for the 1976 Winter Olympics. Governor John Love claimed that the games would cost taxpayers only $5,000,000. Activists quickly noted a wide variety of issues with the state's cost estimate, however, including a lack of transportation infrastructure, no planning for the Olympic Village, and issues with planned events sites. A petition for 1972's Measure 8 quickly reached the necessary 51,000 signatures and 60% of Coloradans voted to prohibit the state from funding the Olympics. Later estimates found that the cost for Denver to host the games would have been $92,000,000, over 18 times the state's estimate. Richard Lamm, who was a leader in the local anti-Olympics movement, would later parlay his fame from the measure into three terms as Governor.
The 1984 ballot included Amendment 3, which barred the use of state funds for abortion services. The measure passed by less than one percentage point and gave Colorado the distinction of being both the first state to decriminalize abortion, having done so in 1967, and the first state to prohibit the government from funding it. 1990's Amendment 5 has been credited by the Initiative & Referendum Institute as having started the term limits movement in the United States and was followed by similar initiatives in 1994 and 1996. Colorado's efforts were unique because they placed term limits on members of Congress in addition to state-level officials. The term-limits movement resulted in the Supreme Court case U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995), which determined that states could not place restrictions on congresspeople beyond the constitutional requirements.
In 2000, Amendment 20 passed with 54% of the vote and legalized the medical use of marijuana in the state. It was followed by 2012's Amendment 64, which passed by similar margins and legalized the recreational use of marijuana. The Economist described the vote as "an electoral first not only for America but for the world." Colorado continued this trend of loosening drug policy in 2022 when voters passed Proposition 122 and legalized the use of psilocybin mushrooms in designated "healing centers".
Types of ballot measures
Citizen-initiated The Constitution of Colorado grants citizens some initiative and referendum powers in Article V. In order for a measure to be placed on the ballot, a petition must receive signatures equal to 5% of the votes cast in the previous election. The governor's veto power does not extend to citizen-initiated measures, which go into effect within one month of election returns being certified. Initiatives create new state statutes or constitutional amendments. They may be placed on the ballot if their petition is filed at least three months before the upcoming election. Referendums repeal legislation passed in the previous General Assembly session. They may be placed on the ballot if their petition is filed at least 90 days after the previous General Assembly session adjourns.
Government-initiated At the General Assembly's discretion, the legislature may place additional measures on the ballot. Article XIX of the Constitution requires that constitutional amendments passed by the legislature be voted on in the next general election. The General Assembly can also vote to place statute changes and proposed spending on the general election ballot.
1800s
1877 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesReferendum 1A constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote6,612 (32.00%)14,053 (68.00%)
1880 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesAmendment 1A constitutional amendment requiring uniform taxation19,198 (84.80%)3,436 (15.20%)
1881 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesState Capital ReferendumA referendum on whether the permanent location of the state capital should be Denver or some other location30,248 (66.48%)15,249 (33.52%)
1882 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesAmendment 2A constitutional amendment establishing salaries for some state officials32,858 (79.00%)8,738 (21.00%)
1884 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesAmendment 3(a)A constitutional amendment modifying some General Assembly procedures47,020 (88.00%)6,413 (12.00%)Amendment 3(b)A constitutional amendment modifying some General Assembly procedures45,080 (87.90%)6,188 (12.10%)Amendment 3(c)A constitutional amendment modifying some General Assembly procedures45,394 (88.00%)6,180 (12.00%)
1886 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesAmendment 4A constitutional amendment vesting judicial power in the state court system17,068 (63.90%)9,629 (36.10%)Amendment 5A constitutional amendment relating to "original jurisdiction"16,897 (64.10%)9,453 (35.90%)Amendment 6A constitutional amendment providing for additional judges on the Colorado Supreme Court6,478 (30.00%)15,132 (70.00%)Amendment 7A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to establish criminal courts7,549 (29.00%)18,512 (71.00%)Amendment 8A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to create police magistrates7,148 (27.80%)18,553 (72.20%)Amendment 9A constitutional amendment relating to judges on Colorado district courts14,938 (57.90%)10,867 (42.10%)Amendment 10A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to modify the state court system14,568 (51.00%)14,022 (49.00%)
1887 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesMeasure 1A constitutional amendment relating to the public debt-- --
1888 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesMeasure 1A constitutional amendment limiting the reasons to contract public debt15,212 (53.20%)13,385 (46.80%)Measure 2A constitutional amendment raising property taxes749 (7.90%)8,778 (92.10%)Measure 3A constitutional amendment limiting the reasons to contract public debt13,921 (51.30%)13,209 (48.70%)Measure 4A constitutional amendment limiting the reasons to contract public debt -- --
1890 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesMeasure 1A constitutional amendment modifying the size and salaries of the Colorado Supreme Court15,283 (42.10%)20,991 (57.90%)Measure 2A constitutional amendment relating to "compensation and services"15,395 (43.40%)20,078 (56.60%)
1892 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesMeasure 1A constitutional amendment relating to uniform taxation13,713 (52.70%)12,294 (47.30%)Measure 3A constitutional amendment relating to the maximum tax rate12,440 (51.50%)11,731 (48.50%)
1893 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesMeasure 2A constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote35,798 (54.90%)29,451 (45.10%)
1894 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesMeasure 1A constitutional amendment relating to locality's "pledging of credit"26,434 (33.80%)51,711 (66.20%)Measure 2A constitutional amendment relating to limits on state debt22,393 (29.50%)53,634 (70.50%)Measure 3A constitutional amendment relating to city debt21,293 (29.70%)50,513 (70.30%)
1896 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesMeasure 1A constitutional amendment relating to limits on state debt25,340 (38.90%)39,790 (61.10%)
19001949
1900 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesMeasure 1A constitutional amendment relating to the process to amend the constitution31,471 (73.10%)11,568 (26.90)
1902 + Measure nameDescriptionStatusYes votesNo votesMeasure 1A constitutional amendment relating to the election process for county commissioners49,646 (65.10%)26,559 (34.90%)Measure 2A constitutional amendment relating to the city and county of Denver59,750 (69.90%)25,767 (30.1%)Measure 3A constitutional amendment relating to the eight-hour work day72,980 (73.50%)26,266 (26.50%)Measure 4A constitutional amendment relating to voter qualifications44,769 (62.30%)27,077 (37.70%)Measure 5A constitutional amendment relating to the election process for district attorneys45,191 (64.20%)25,243 (35.80%)Measure 6A constitutional amendment relating to property tax exemptions32,710 (31.10%)72,370 (68.90%)Measure 7A constitutional amendment relating to tax limits31,527 (31.10%)69,741 (68.90%)Measure 8A constitutional amendment relating to the election process for justices of the peace48,682 (65.10%)26,082 (34.90%)Measure 9A constitutional amendment relating to the election process for county officials48,944 (65.20%)26,140 (34.80%)Measure 10A constitutional amendment relating to the election process for county judges44,856 (63.90%)25,326 (36.10%)
1904